An electroacoustic transducer is a device that converts acoustic energy (sound) into electrical energy (voltage or current) or vice versa. When the transducer is used to generate sound, it is called a projector, transmitter, or source. When it is used to detect sound, it is called a receiver. Furthermore, when the receiver is employed underwater, it is referred to as a hydrophone. An underwater sonar system consists of projectors, hydrophones, and associated electronics such as amplifiers and data acquisition systems. This chapter, however, will only cover the description and operational principles of the projector and hydrophone components. More specifically, the chapter will focus on piezoelectric ceramic-based transducer designs intended for underwater use that operate in the frequency band spanning from 1 kHz to 1MHz. This span covers weapons sonar (1–100kHz) and imaging sonar (100kHz to 1MHz) applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Beranek LL (1993) Acoustics. American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY
Blue JE, Van Buren AL (1997) Transducers. In: Crocker MJ (ed), Encyclopedia of acoustics, vol 1. Wiley, New York, pp 597-606
Bobber RJ (1988) Underwater electroacoustics measurements. Peninsula, Los Altos, CA
Burdic WS (1984) Underwater acoustic system analysis. Prentice-Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ
Butler SC, Lindberg JF, Clark AE (1996) Hybrid magnetostrictive/piezoelectric tonpilz transducer. Ferroelectrics 187: 163-174
Channel Industries, Inc. (2006) Piezoelectric ceramics. Channel, Santa Barbara, CA
Grantner L, Kubick F, Williams R (1976) Handbook of acoustic projector technology, vol 1. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, San Diego
Hughes WJ (1998) Transducers, underwater acoustic. In: Trigg GL (ed), Encyclopedia of applied acoustics, vol 22. VCH, New York, pp 67-84
Krueger HHA (1967a) Stress sensitivity of piezoelectric ceramics, part 1: sensitivity to compres-sive stress parallel to the polar axis. J Acoust Soc Am 42: 636-645
Krueger HHA (1967b) Stress sensitivity of piezoelectric ceramics, part 3: sensitivity to compres-sive stress perpendicular to the polar axis. J Acoust Soc Am 43: 583-591
Krueger HHA, Berlincourt D (1961) Effects of high static stress on the piezoelectric properties of transducer materials. J Acoust Soc Am 33: 1339-1344
Military Standard (1995) Piezoelectric ceramic material and measurements guidelines for sonar transducers. MIL-STD-1376B (SH)
Moffett MB, Marshall WJ (1994) The importance of coupling factor for underwater acoustic pro-jectors. NUWC NPT technical document 10,691, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI
Moffett MB, Robinson HC, Powers JM, Baird PD (2007) Single-crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN/PT) as a broadband high power transduction material. J Acoust Soc Am 121: 2591-2599
Morgan Electro Ceramics (2006) Piezoelectric ceramics. Morgan Electroceramics, Inc., Bedford, OH
Moulson AJ, Herbert JM (1992) Electroceramics. Chapman & Hall, New York
Royster LH (1970) The flextensional concept: a new approach to the design of underwater acoustic transducers. Appl Acoust 3: 117-126
Rynne EF (1993) Innovative approaches for generating high power, low frequency sound. In: McCollum MD, Hamonic BF, Wilson OB (eds), Transducers for sonics and ultrasonics. Tech-nomic, Lancaster, PA, pp 38-49
Stansfield D (1991) Underwater electroacoustic transducers. Bath University Press, Bath, UK
Wilder WD (1977) Electroacoustic sensitivity of ceramic cylinders. J Acoust Soc Am 62: 769-771
Wilson OB (1988) Introduction to theory and design of sonar transducers. Peninsula, Los Altos, CA
Woollett RS (1960) Theory of the piezoelectric flexural disk transducer with applications to un-derwater sound. USL Research Report No 490, S-F001 03 04-1, US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, New London, CT
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tressler, J.F. (2008). Piezoelectric Transducer Designs for Sonar Applications. In: Safari, A., Akdoğan, E.K. (eds) Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76540-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76540-2_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-76538-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-76540-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)