Family matters: gene regulation by metal-dependent transcription factors

van Bakel, Harm; Wijmenga, Cisca

doi:10.1007/4735_104

Harm van Bakel¹ &
Cisca Wijmenga¹

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Genetics ((TCG,volume 14))

1576 Accesses
2 Citations

Abstract

All organisms require trace amounts of metal ions, such as copper, iron, and zinc, since they form an essential component of a number of enzymes. In the past few years many metal-responsive transcriptional regulators have been identified in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which can be grouped in distinct families, based on their evolutionary and structural relationships. By regulating systems involved in metal uptake as well as metal efflux and sequestering, these transcription factors help to maintain a delicate balance between necessity and toxicity. Despite the structural similarities within the transcription factor families, individual members can have an affinity for different, and sometimes multiple, metal substrates. The recent availability of crystal structures for key members has led to a detailed understanding of the origins of metal specificity and the mechanisms of transcriptional activation for most of these transcription factor families.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 259.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 329.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 329.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

1. Abdul-Tehrani H, Hudson A, Chang Y, Timms A, Hawkins C, Williams J, Harrison P, Guest J, Andrews S (1999) Ferritin mutants of Escherichia coli are iron deficient and growth impaired, and fur mutants are iron deficient. J Bacteriol 181:1415-1428
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
2. Ahmed M, Borsch CM, Taylor SS, Vazquez-Laslop N, Neyfakh AA (1994) A protein that activates expression of a multidrug efflux transporter upon binding the transporter substrates. J Biol Chem 269:28506-28513
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
3. Ahmed M, Lyass L, Markham P, Taylor S, Vazquez-Laslop N, Neyfakh A (1995) Two highly similar multidrug transporters of Bacillus subtilis whose expression is differentially regulated. J Bacteriol 177:3904-3910
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
4. Althaus EW, Outten CE, Olson KE, Cao H, O'Halloran TV (1999) The ferric uptake regulation (Fur) repressor is a zinc metalloprotein. Biochemistry 38:6559-6569
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
5. Amabile-Cuevas CF, Demple B (1991) Molecular characterization of the soxRS genes of Escherichia coli: two genes control a superoxide stress regulon. Nucleic Acids Res 19:4479-4484
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
6. Anderson L, McNairn E, Lubke T, Pau R, Boxer D (2000) ModE-dependent molybdate regulation of the molybdenum cofactor operon moa in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 182:7035-7043
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
7. Ansari AZ, Bradner JE, O'Halloran TV (1995) DNA-bend modulation in a repressor-to-activator switching mechanism. Nature 374:371-375
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
8. Auf der Maur A, Belser T, Elgar G, Georgiev O, Schaffner W (1999) Characterization of the transcription factor MTF-1 from the Japanese pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) reveals evolutionary conservation of heavy metal stress response. Biol Chem 380:175-185
Google Scholar
9. Bagg A, Neilands J (1985) Mapping of a mutation affecting regulation of iron uptake systems in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 161:450-453
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
10. Bagg A, Neilands J (1987) Ferric uptake regulation protein acts as a repressor, employing iron (II) as a cofactor to bind the operator of an iron transport operon in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 26:5471-5477
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
11. Baichoo N, Helmann J (2002) Recognition of DNA by Fur: a reinterpretation of the Fur box consensus sequence. J Bacteriol 184:5826-5832
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
12. Baichoo N, Wang T, Ye R, Helmann JD (2002) Global analysis of the Bacillus subtilis Fur regulon and the iron starvation stimulon. Mol Microbiol 45:1613-1629
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
13. Bearden SW, Perry RD (1999) The Yfe system of Yersinia pestis transports iron and manganese and is required for full virulence of plague. Mol Microbiol 32:403-414
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
14. Beaudoin J, Labbe S (2001) The fission yeast copper-sensing transcription factor Cuf1 regulates the copper transporter gene expression through an Ace1/Amt1-like recognition sequence. J Biol Chem 276:15472-15480
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
15. Beaudoin J, Mercier A, Langlois R, Labbe S (2003) The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cuf1 is composed of functional modules from two distinct classes of copper metalloregulatory transcription factors. J Biol Chem 278:14565-14577
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
16. Bender CL, Cooksey DA (1987) Molecular cloning of copper resistance genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. J Bacteriol 169:470-474
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
17. Bird A, Blankman E, Stillman D, Eide D, Winge D (2004) The Zap1 transcriptional activator also acts as a repressor by binding downstream of the TATA box in ZRT2. Embo J 23:1123-1132
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
18. Bird A, Evans-Galea M, Blankman E, Zhao H, Luo H, Winge D, Eide D (2000a) Mapping the DNA binding domain of the Zap1 zinc-responsive transcriptional activator. J Biol Chem 275:16160-16166
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
19. Bird A, Zhao H, Luo H, Jensen L, Srinivasan C, Evans-Galea M, Winge D, Eide D (2000b) A dual role for zinc fingers in both DNA binding and zinc sensing by the Zap1 transcriptional activator. Embo J 19:3704-3713
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
20. Bird AJ, McCall K, Kramer M, Blankman E, Winge DR, Eide DJ (2003) Zinc fingers can act as Zn2+ sensors to regulate transcriptional activation domain function. Embo J 22:5137-5146
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
21. Blaiseau P, Lesuisse E, Camadro J (2001) Aft2p, a novel iron-regulated transcription activator that modulates, with Aft1p, intracellular iron use and resistance to oxidative stress in yeast. J Biol Chem 276:34221-34226
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
22. Boland C, Meijer W (2000) The iron dependent regulatory protein IdeR (DtxR) of Rhodococcus equi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 191:1-5
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
23. Borghouts C, Osiewacz H (1998) GRISEA, a copper-modulated transcription factor from Podospora anserina involved in senescence and morphogenesis, is an ortholog of MAC1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet 260:492-502
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
24. Borrelly G, Rondet S, Tottey S, Robinson N (2004) Chimeras of P-type ATPases and their transcriptional regulators: contributions of a cytosolic amino-terminal domain to metal specificity. Mol Microbiol 53:217-227
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
25. Borremans B, Hobman J, Provoost A, Brown N, van Der Lelie D (2001) Cloning and functional analysis of the pbr lead resistance determinant of Ralstonia metallidurans CH34. J Bacteriol 183:5651-5658
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
26. Boyd J, Oza M, Murphy J (1990) Molecular cloning and DNA sequence analysis of a diphtheria tox iron-dependent regulatory element (dtxR) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5968-5972
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
27. Braun V (2003) Iron uptake by Escherichia coli. Front Biosci 8:s1409-1421
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
28. Brocklehurst KR, Hobman JL, Lawley B, Blank L, Marshall SJ, Brown NL, Morby AP (1999) ZntR is a Zn(II)-responsive MerR-like transcriptional regulator of zntA in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 31:893-902
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
29. Brown K, Keller G, Pickering I, Harris H, George G, Winge D (2002) Structures of the cuprous-thiolate clusters of the Mac1 and Ace1 transcriptional activators. Biochemistry 41:6469-6476
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
30. Brown N, Rouch D, Lee B (1992) Copper resistance determinants in bacteria. Plasmid 27:41-51
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
31. Brugnera E, Georgiev O, Radtke F, Heuchel R, Baker E, Sutherland G, Schaffner W (1994) Cloning, chromosomal mapping and characterization of the human metal-regulatory transcription factor MTF-1. Nucleic Acids Res 22:3167-3173
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
32. Bsat N, Herbig A, Casillas-Martinez L, Setlow P, Helmann J (1998) Bacillus subtilis contains multiple Fur homologues: identification of the iron uptake (Fur) and peroxide regulon (PerR) repressors. Mol Microbiol 29:189-198
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
33. Busenlehner LS, Pennella MA, Giedroc DP (2003) The SmtB/ArsR family of metalloregulatory transcriptional repressors: Structural insights into prokaryotic metal resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27:131-143
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
34. Busenlehner LS, Weng TC, Penner-Hahn JE, Giedroc DP (2002) Elucidation of primary (alpha(3)N) and vestigial (alpha(5)) heavy metal-binding sites in Staphylococcus aureus pI258 CadC: evolutionary implications for metal ion selectivity of ArsR/SmtB metal sensor proteins. J Mol Biol 319:685-701
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
35. Cavet J, Meng W, Pennella M, Appelhoff R, Giedroc D, Robinson N (2002) A nickel-cobalt-sensing ArsR-SmtB family repressor. Contributions of cytosol and effector binding sites to metal selectivity. J Biol Chem 277:38441-38448
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
36. Cavet JS, Graham AI, Meng W, Robinson NJ (2003) A cadmium-lead-sensing ArsR-SmtB repressor with novel sensory sites. Complementary metal discrimination by NmtR AND CmtR in a common cytosol. J Biol Chem 278:44560-44566
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
37. Champier L, Duarte V, Michaud-Soret I, Coves J (2004) Characterization of the MerD protein from Ralstonia metallidurans CH34: a possible role in bacterial mercury resistance by switching off the induction of the mer operon. Mol Microbiol 52:1475-1485
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
38. Changela A, Chen K, Xue Y, Holschen J, Outten CE, O'Halloran TV, Mondragon A (2003) Molecular basis of metal-ion selectivity and zeptomolar sensitivity by CueR. Science 301:1383-1387
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
39. Chen X, Agarwal A, Giedroc D (1998) Structural and functional heterogeneity among the zinc fingers of human MRE-binding transcription factor-1. Biochemistry 37:11152-11161
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
40. Chen X, Chu M, Giedroc D (1999) MRE-Binding transcription factor-1: weak zinc-binding finger domains 5 and 6 modulate the structure, affinity, and specificity of the metal-response element complex. Biochemistry 38:12915-12925
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
41. Chen Y, Rosen B (1997) Metalloregulatory properties of the ArsD repressor. J Biol Chem 272:14257-14262
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
42. Chivers PT, Sauer RT (1999) NikR is a ribbon-helix-helix DNA-binding protein. Protein Sci 8:2494-2500
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
43. Chivers PT, Sauer RT (2000) Regulation of high affinity nickel uptake in bacteria. Ni2+-Dependent interaction of NikR with wild-type and mutant operator sites. J Biol Chem 275:19735-19741
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
44. Chou C, Wisedchaisri G, Monfeli R, Oram D, Holmes R, Hol W, Beeson C (2004) Functional studies of the iron-dependent regulator. J Biol Chem 279:53554-53561
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
45. Contreras M, Thiberge JM, Mandrand-Berthelot MA, Labigne A (2003) Characterization of the roles of NikR, a nickel-responsive pleiotropic autoregulator of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 49:947-963
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
46. Cook W, Kar S, Taylor K, Hall L (1998) Crystal structure of the cyanobacterial metallothionein repressor SmtB: a model for metalloregulatory proteins. J Mol Biol 275:337-346
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
47. Coy M, Neilands J (1991) Structural dynamics and functional domains of the fur protein. Biochemistry 30:8201-8210
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
48. Cragg R, Christie G, Phillips S, Russi R, Kury S, Mathers J, Taylor P, Ford D (2002) A novel zinc-regulated human zinc transporter, hZTL1, is localized to the enterocyte apical membrane. J Biol Chem 277:22789-22797
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
49. Dalet K, Gouin E, Cenatiempo Y, Cossart P, Hechard Y (1999) Characterisation of a new operon encoding a Zur-like protein and an associated ABC zinc permease in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 174:111-116
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
50. Dameron C, Winge D, George G, Sansone M, Hu S, Hamer D (1991) A copper-thiolate polynuclear cluster in the ACE1 transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6127-6131
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
51. De Freitas JM, Kim JH, Poynton H, Su T, Wintz H, Fox T, Holman P, Loguinov A, Keles S, van der Laan M, Vulpe C (2004) Exploratory and confirmatory gene expression profiling of mac1Delta. J Biol Chem 279:4450-4458
Google Scholar
52. De Lorenzo V, Herrero M, Giovannini F, Neilands JB (1988) Fur (ferric uptake regulation) protein and CAP (catabolite-activator protein) modulate transcription of fur gene in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem 173:537-546
Google Scholar
53. de Lorenzo V, Wee S, Herrero M, Neilands J (1987) Operator sequences of the aerobactin operon of plasmid ColV-K30 binding the ferric uptake regulation (fur) repressor. J Bacteriol 169:2624-2630
Google Scholar
54. De Pina K, Desjardin V, Mandrand-Berthelot MA, Giordano G, Wu LF (1999) Isolation and characterization of the nikR gene encoding a nickel-responsive regulator in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 181:670-674
Google Scholar
55. Dell CL, Neely MN, Olson ER (1994) Altered pH and lysine signalling mutants of cadC, a gene encoding a membrane-bound transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli cadBA operon. Mol Microbiol 14:7-16
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
56. Demple B (1996) Redox signaling and gene control in the Escherichia coli soxRS oxidative stress regulon–a review. Gene 179:53-57
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
57. Dey S, Dou D, Tisa L, Rosen B (1994) Interaction of the catalytic and the membrane subunits of an oxyanion-translocating ATPase. Arch Biochem Biophys 311:418-424
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
58. Dey S, Rosen B (1995) Dual mode of energy coupling by the oxyanion-translocating ArsB protein. J Bacteriol 177:385-389
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
59. Ding H, Demple B (1997) In vivo kinetics of a redox-regulated transcriptional switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8445-8449
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
60. Ding X, Zeng H, Schiering N, Ringe D, Murphy J (1996) Identification of the primary metal ion-activation sites of the diphtheria tox repressor by X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutational analysis. Nat Struct Biol 3:382-387
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
61. Diorio C, Cai J, Marmor J, Shinder R, DuBow M (1995) An Escherichia coli chromosomal ars operon homolog is functional in arsenic detoxification and is conserved in gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 177:2050-2056
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
62. Dubrac S, Touati D (2000) Fur positive regulation of iron superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli: functional analysis of the sodB promoter. J Bacteriol 182:3802-3808
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
63. Dussurget O, Rodriguez M, Smith I (1996) An ideR mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis has derepressed siderophore production and an altered oxidative-stress response. Mol Microbiol 22:535-544
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
64. Dussurget O, Timm J, Gomez M, Gold B, Yu S, Sabol SZ, Holmes RK, Jacobs WR Jr, Smith I (1999) Transcriptional control of the iron-responsive fxbA gene by the mycobacterial regulator IdeR. J Bacteriol 181:3402-3408
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
65. Egli D, Selvaraj A, Yepiskoposyan H, Zhang B, Hafen E, Georgiev O, Schaffner W (2003) Knockout of 'metal-responsive transcription factor' MTF-1 in Drosophila by homologous recombination reveals its central role in heavy metal homeostasis. Embo J 22:100-108
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
66. Eicken C, Pennella M, Chen X, Koshlap K, VanZile M, Sacchettini J, Giedroc D (2003) A metal-ligand-mediated intersubunit allosteric switch in related SmtB/ArsR zinc sensor proteins. J Mol Biol 333:683-695
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
67. Eitinger T, Mandrand-Berthelot MA (2000) Nickel transport systems in microorganisms. Arch Microbiol 173:1-9
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
68. Endo G, Silver S (1995) CadC, the transcriptional regulatory protein of the cadmium resistance system of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. J Bacteriol 177:4437-4441
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
69. Erbe J, Taylor K, Hall L (1995) Metalloregulation of the cyanobacterial smt locus: identification of SmtB binding sites and direct interaction with metals. Nucleic Acids Res 23:2472-2478
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
70. Eriksson M, Moseley J, Tottey S, Del Campo J, Quinn J, Kim Y, Merchant S (2004) Genetic dissection of nutritional copper signaling in chlamydomonas distinguishes regulatory and target genes. Genetics 168:795-807
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
71. Ernst J, Bennett R, Rothfield L (1978) Constitutive expression of the iron-enterochelin and ferrichrome uptake systems in a mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 135:928-934
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
72. Escolar L, de Lorenzo V, Perez-Martin J (1997) Metalloregulation in vitro of the aerobactin promoter of Escherichia coli by the Fur (ferric uptake regulation) protein. Mol Microbiol 26:799-808
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
73. Escolar L, Perez-Martin J, de Lorenzo V (2000) Evidence of an unusually long operator for the fur repressor in the aerobactin promoter of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 275:24709-24714
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
74. Evans-Galea M, Blankman E, Myszka D, Bird A, Eide D, Winge D (2003) Two of the five zinc fingers in the Zap1 transcription factor DNA binding domain dominate site-specific DNA binding. Biochemistry 42:1053-1061
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
75. Farrell R, Thorvaldsen J, Winge D (1996) Identification of the Zn(II) site in the copper-responsive yeast transcription factor, AMT1: a conserved Zn module. Biochemistry 35:1571-1580
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
76. Foussard M, Cabantous S, Pedelacq J, Guillet V, Tranier S, Mourey L, Birck C, Samama J (2001) The molecular puzzle of two-component signaling cascades. Microbes Infect 3:417-424
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
77. Franke S, Grass G, Rensing C, Nies D (2003) Molecular analysis of the copper-transporting efflux system CusCFBA of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 185:3804-3812
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
78. Fuangthong M, Herbig A, Bsat N, Helmann J (2002) Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis fur and perR genes by PerR: not all members of the PerR regulon are peroxide inducible. J Bacteriol 184:3276-3286
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
79. Gaballa A, Helmann J (1998) Identification of a zinc-specific metalloregulatory protein, Zur, controlling zinc transport operons in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 180:5815-5821
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
80. Garcia S, Prado M, Degano R, Dominguez A (2002) A copper-responsive transcription factor, CRF1, mediates copper and cadmium resistance in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Biol Chem 277:37359-37368
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
81. Garcia-Dominguez M, Lopez-Maury L, Florencio F, Reyes J (2000) A gene cluster involved in metal homeostasis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 182:1507-1514
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
82. Giedroc DP, Chen X, Pennella MA, LiWang AC (2001) Conformational heterogeneity in the C-terminal zinc fingers of human MTF-1: an NMR and zinc-binding study. J Biol Chem 276:42322-42332
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
83. Glasfeld A, Guedon E, Helmann J, Brennan R (2003) Structure of the manganese-bound manganese transport regulator of Bacillus subtilis. Nat Struct Biol 10:652-657
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
84. Gourley D, Schuttelkopf A, Anderson L, Price N, Boxer D, Hunter W (2001) Oxyanion binding alters conformation and quaternary structure of the c-terminal domain of the transcriptional regulator mode. Implications for molybdate-dependent regulation, signaling, storage, and transport. J Biol Chem 276:20641-20647
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
85. Graden J, Posewitz M, Simon J, George G, Pickering I, Winge D (1996) Presence of a copper(I)-thiolate regulatory domain in the copper-activated transcription factor Amt1. Biochemistry 35:14583-14589
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
86. Graden J, Winge D (1997) Copper-mediated repression of the activation domain in the yeast Mac1p transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5550-5555
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
87. Gross C, Kelleher M, Iyer VR, Brown PO, Winge DR (2000) Identification of the copper regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by DNA microarrays. J Biol Chem 275:32310-32316
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
88. Grunden A, Ray R, Rosentel J, Healy F, Shanmugam K (1996) Repression of the Escherichia coli modABCD (molybdate transport) operon by ModE. J Bacteriol 178:735-744
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
89. Guedon E, Helmann J (2003) Origins of metal ion selectivity in the DtxR/MntR family of metalloregulators. Mol Microbiol 48:495-506
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
90. Guedon E, Moore C, Que Q, Wang T, Ye R, Helmann J (2003) The global transcriptional response of Bacillus subtilis to manganese involves the MntR, Fur, TnrA and sigmaB regulons. Mol Microbiol 49:1477-1491
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
91. Gunes C, Heuchel R, Georgiev O, Muller K, Lichtlen P, Bluthmann H, Marino S, Aguzzi A, Schaffner W (1998) Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the metal-responsive transcriptional activator MTF-1. Embo J 17:2846-2854
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
92. Haas H, Angermayr K, Stoffler G (1997) Molecular analysis of a Penicillium chrysogenum GATA factor encoding gene (sreP) exhibiting significant homology to the Ustilago maydis urbs1 gene. Gene 184:33-37
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
93. Haas H, Zadra I, Stoffler G, Angermayr K (1999) The Aspergillus nidulans GATA factor SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis and control of iron uptake. J Biol Chem 274:4613-4619
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
94. Hall D, Gourley D, Leonard G, Duke E, Anderson L, Boxer D, Hunter W (1999) The high-resolution crystal structure of the molybdate-dependent transcriptional regulator (ModE) from Escherichia coli: a novel combination of domain folds. Embo J 18:1435-1446
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
95. Hall H, Foster J (1996) The role of fur in the acid tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium is physiologically and genetically separable from its role in iron acquisition. J Bacteriol 178:5683-5691
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
96. Hamza I, Chauhan S, Hassett R, O'Brian M (1998) The bacterial irr protein is required for coordination of heme biosynthesis with iron availability. J Biol Chem 273:21669-21674
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
97. Hamza I, Qi Z, King N, O'Brian M (2000) Fur-independent regulation of iron metabolism by Irr in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Microbiology 146 (Pt 3):669-676
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
98. Hantke K (1981) Regulation of ferric iron transport in Escherichia coli K12: isolation of a constitutive mutant. Mol Gen Genet 182:288-292
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
99. Hantke K (1984) Cloning of the repressor protein gene of iron-regulated systems in Escherichia coli K12. Mol Gen Genet 197:337-341
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
100. Hantke K (1987) Selection procedure for deregulated iron transport mutants (fur) in Escherichia coli K 12: fur not only affects iron metabolism. Mol Gen Genet 210:135-139
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
101. Hantke K (2001) Iron and metal regulation in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 4:172-177
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
102. Harrison K, Marzluf G (2002) Characterization of DNA binding and the cysteine rich region of SRE, a GATA factor in Neurospora crassa involved in siderophore synthesis. Biochemistry 41:15288-15295
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
103. Hassan M, van der Lelie D, Springael D, Romling U, Ahmed N, Mergeay M (1999) Identification of a gene cluster, czr, involved in cadmium and zinc resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gene 238:417-425
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
104. Haurie V, Boucherie H, Sagliocco F (2003) The Snf1 protein kinase controls the induction of genes of the iron uptake pathway at the diauxic shift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 278:45391-45396
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
105. Hazlett K, Rusnak F, Kehres D, Bearden S, La Vake C, La Vake M, Maguire M, Perry R, Radolf J (2003) The Treponema pallidum tro operon encodes a multiple metal transporter, a zinc-dependent transcriptional repressor, and a semi-autonomously expressed phosphoglycerate mutase. J Biol Chem 278:20687-20694
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
106. Heldwein EE, Brennan RG (2001) Crystal structure of the transcription activator BmrR bound to DNA and a drug. Nature 409:378-382
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
107. Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU, Andrews NC (2004) Balancing acts: molecular control of mammalian iron metabolism. Cell 117:285-297
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
108. Heredia J, Crooks M, Zhu Z (2001) Phosphorylation and Cu+ coordination-dependent DNA binding of the transcription factor Mac1p in the regulation of copper transport. J Biol Chem 276:8793-8797
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
109. Heuchel R, Radtke F, Georgiev O, Stark G, Aguet M, Schaffner W (1994) The transcription factor MTF-1 is essential for basal and heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene expression. Embo J 13:2870-2875
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
110. Hidalgo E, Demple B (1997) Spacing of promoter elements regulates the basal expression of the soxS gene and converts SoxR from a transcriptional activator into a repressor. Embo J 16:1056-1065
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
111. Horsburgh M, Clements M, Crossley H, Ingham E, Foster S (2001) PerR controls oxidative stress resistance and iron storage proteins and is required for virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 69:3744-3754
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
112. Huckle JW, Morby AP, Turner JS, Robinson NJ (1993) Isolation of a prokaryotic metallothionein locus and analysis of transcriptional control by trace metal ions. Mol Microbiol 7:177-187
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
113. Huffman D, Huyett J, Outten F, Doan P, Finney L, Hoffman B, O'Halloran T (2002) Spectroscopy of Cu(II)-PcoC and the multicopper oxidase function of PcoA, two essential components of Escherichia coli pco copper resistance operon. Biochemistry 41:10046-10055
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
114. Huibregtse J, Engelke D, Thiele D (1989) Copper-induced binding of cellular factors to yeast metallothionein upstream activation sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:65-69
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
115. Jacquamet L, Aberdam D, Adrait A, Hazemann J, Latour J, Michaud-Soret I (1998) X-ray absorption spectroscopy of a new zinc site in the fur protein from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 37:2564-2571
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
116. Jamison McDaniels C, Jensen L, Srinivasan C, Winge D, Tullius T (1999) The yeast transcription factor Mac1 binds to DNA in a modular fashion. J Biol Chem 274:26962-26967
Google Scholar
117. Jensen L, Winge D (1998) Identification of a copper-induced intramolecular interaction in the transcription factor Mac1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Embo J 17:5400-5408
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
118. Ji G, Silver S (1992a) Reduction of arsenate to arsenite by the ArsC protein of the arsenic resistance operon of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9474-9478
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
119. Ji G, Silver S (1992b) Regulation and expression of the arsenic resistance operon from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. J Bacteriol 174:3684-3694
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
120. Jones A, DeShazer D, Woods D (1997) Identification and characterization of a two-component regulatory system involved in invasion of eukaryotic cells and heavy-metal resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 65:4972-4977
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
121. Joshi A, Serpe M, Kosman D (1999) Evidence for (Mac1p)2.DNA ternary complex formation in Mac1p-dependent transactivation at the CTR1 promoter. J Biol Chem 274:218-226
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
122. Jubier-Maurin V, Rodrigue A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Layssac M, Mandrand-Berthelot MA, Kohler S, Liautard JP (2001) Identification of the nik gene cluster of Brucella suis: regulation and contribution to urease activity. J Bacteriol 183:426-434
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
123. Jungmann J, Reins H, Lee J, Romeo A, Hassett R, Kosman D, Jentsch S (1993) MAC1, a nuclear regulatory protein related to Cu-dependent transcription factors is involved in Cu/Fe utilization and stress resistance in yeast. Embo J 12:5051-5056
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
124. Kar S, Adams A, Lebowitz J, Taylor K, Hall L (1997) The cyanobacterial repressor SmtB is predominantly a dimer and binds two Zn2+ ions per subunit. Biochemistry 36:15343-15348
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
125. Kar S, Lebowitz J, Blume S, Taylor K, Hall L (2001) SmtB-DNA and protein-protein interactions in the formation of the cyanobacterial metallothionein repression complex: Zn2+ does not dissociate the protein-DNA complex in vitro. Biochemistry 40:13378-13389
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
126. Karjalainen T, Evans D, Evans D Jr, Graham D, Lee C (1991) Iron represses the expression of CFA/I fimbriae of enterotoxigenic E. coli. Microb Pathog 11:317-323
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
127. Kehres D, Janakiraman A, Slauch J, Maguire M (2002) SitABCD is the alkaline Mn(2+) transporter of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 184:3159-3166
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
128. Kehres DG, Zaharik ML, Finlay BB, Maguire ME (2000) The NRAMP proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli are selective manganese transporters involved in the response to reactive oxygen. Mol Microbiol 36:1085-1100
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
129. Keller G, Gross C, Kelleher M, Winge D (2000) Functional independence of the two cysteine-rich activation domains in the yeast Mac1 transcription factor. J Biol Chem 275:29193-29199
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
130. Kim BE, Wang F, Dufner-Beattie J, Andrews GK, Eide DJ, Petris MJ (2004) Zn2+-stimulated endocytosis of the mZIP4 zinc transporter regulates its location at the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 279:4523-4530
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
131. King KY, Horenstein JA, Caparon MG (2000) Aerotolerance and peroxide resistance in peroxidase and PerR mutants of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Bacteriol 182:5290-5299
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
132. Kispal G, Csere P, Prohl C, Lill R (1999) The mitochondrial proteins Atm1p and Nfs1p are essential for biogenesis of cytosolic Fe/S proteins. Embo J 18:3981-3989
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
133. Klomp LW, Lin SJ, Yuan DS, Klausner RD, Culotta VC, Gitlin JD (1997) Identification and functional expression of HAH1, a novel human gene involved in copper homeostasis. J Biol Chem 272:9221-9226
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
134. Knight S, Lesuisse E, Stearman R, Klausner R, Dancis A (2002) Reductive iron uptake by Candida albicans: role of copper, iron and the TUP1 regulator. Microbiology 148:29-40
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
135. Koch K, Allard S, Santoro N, Cote J, Thiele D (2001) The Candida glabrata Amt1 copper-sensing transcription factor requires Swi/Snf and Gcn5 at a critical step in copper detoxification. Mol Microbiol 40:1165-1174
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
136. Koch K, Thiele D (1996) Autoactivation by a Candida glabrata copper metalloregulatory transcription factor requires critical minor groove interactions. Mol Cell Biol 16:724-734
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
137. Kolade O, Bellini P, Wexler M, Johnston A, Grossmann J, Hemmings A (2002) Structural studies of the Fur protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum. Biochem Soc Trans 30:771-774
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
138. Koo MS, Lee JH, Rah SY, Yeo WS, Lee JW, Lee KL, Koh YS, Kang SO, Roe JH (2003) A reducing system of the superoxide sensor SoxR in Escherichia coli. Embo J 22:2614-2622
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
139. Kuroda M, Hayashi H, Ohta T (1999) Chromosome-determined zinc-responsible operon czr in Staphylococcus aureus strain 912. Microbiol Immunol 43:115-125
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
140. Kutsche M, Leimkuhler S, Angermuller S, Klipp W (1996) Promoters controlling expression of the alternative nitrogenase and the molybdenum uptake system in Rhodobacter capsulatus are activated by NtrC, independent of sigma54, and repressed by molybdenum. J Bacteriol 178:2010-2017
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
141. Labbe S, Pena M, Fernandes A, Thiele D (1999) A copper-sensing transcription factor regulates iron uptake genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 274:36252-36260
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
142. Langmade S, Ravindra R, Daniels P, Andrews G (2000) The transcription factor MTF-1 mediates metal regulation of the mouse ZnT1 gene. J Biol Chem 275:34803-34809
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
143. LaRochelle O, Gagne V, Charron J, Soh J, Seguin C (2001) Phosphorylation is involved in the activation of metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 in response to metal ions. J Biol Chem 276:41879-41888
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
144. Lee JH, Wang T, Ault K, Liu J, Schmitt MP, Holmes RK (1997) Identification and characterization of three new promoter/operators from Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are regulated by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and iron. Infect Immun 65:4273-4280
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
145. Lee S, Grass G, Rensing C, Barrett S, Yates C, Stoyanov J, Brown N (2002) The Pco proteins are involved in periplasmic copper handling in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295:616-620
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
146. Lee Y, Deka R, Norgard M, Radolf J, Hasemann C (1999) Treponema pallidum TroA is a periplasmic zinc-binding protein with a helical backbone. Nat Struct Biol 6:628-633
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
147. Lewin B (2000) Promotor recognition depends on consensus sequences. In: Lewin B (ed) Genes VII. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp 244-246
Google Scholar
148. Lim C, Cooksey D (1993) Characterization of chromosomal homologs of the plasmid-borne copper resistance operon of Pseudomonas syringae. J Bacteriol 175:4492-4498
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
149. Lin SJ, Pufahl RA, Dancis A, O'Halloran TV, Culotta VC (1997) A role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATX1 gene in copper trafficking and iron transport. J Biol Chem 272:9215-9220
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
150. Lindsay JA, Foster SJ (2001) zur: a Zn(2+)-responsive regulatory element of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 147:1259-1266
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
151. Lopez-Maury L, Garcia-Dominguez M, Florencio F, Reyes J (2002) A two-component signal transduction system involved in nickel sensing in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Mol Microbiol 43:247-256
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
152. Love J, vanderSpek J, Marin V, Guerrero L, Logan T, Murphy J (2004) Genetic and biophysical studies of diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and the hyperactive mutant DtxR(E175K) support a multistep model of activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:2506-2511
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
153. Love J, VanderSpek J, Murphy J (2003) The src homology 3-like domain of the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) modulates repressor activation through interaction with the ancillary metal ion-binding site. J Bacteriol 185:2251-2258
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
154. Lund PA, Brown NL (1989) Regulation of transcription in Escherichia coli from the mer and merR promoters in the transposon Tn501. J Mol Biol 205:343-353
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
155. Lund PA, Ford SJ, Brown NL (1986) Transcriptional regulation of the mercury-resistance genes of transposon Tn501. J Gen Microbiol 132 (Pt 2):465-480
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
156. Lyons T, Gasch A, Gaither L, Botstein D, Brown P, Eide D (2000) Genome-wide characterization of the Zap1p zinc-responsive regulon in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7957-7962
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
157. MacDiarmid C, Milanick M, Eide D (2002) Biochemical properties of vacuolar zinc transport systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 277:39187-39194
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
158. MacDiarmid C, Milanick M, Eide D (2003) Induction of the ZRC1 metal tolerance gene in zinc-limited yeast confers resistance to zinc shock. J Biol Chem 278:15065-15072
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
159. Maeda T, Sugiura R, Kita A, Saito M, Deng L, He Y, Yabin L, Fujita Y, Takegawa K, Shuntoh H, Kuno T (2004) Pmr1, a P-type ATPase, and Pdt1, an Nramp homologue, cooperatively regulate cell morphogenesis in fission yeast: the importance of Mn2+ homeostasis. Genes Cells 9:71-82
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
160. Masepohl B, Klipp W (1996) Organization and regulation of genes encoding the molybdenum nitrogenase and the alternative nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Arch Microbiol 165:80-90
CAS Google Scholar
161. McNicholas P, Chiang R, Gunsalus R (1998) Anaerobic regulation of the Escherichia coli dmsABC operon requires the molybdate-responsive regulator ModE. Mol Microbiol 27:197-208
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
162. McNicholas P, Gunsalus R (2002) The molybdate-responsive Escherichia coli ModE transcriptional regulator coordinates periplasmic nitrate reductase (napFDAGHBC) operon expression with nitrate and molybdate availability. J Bacteriol 184:3253-3259
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
163. McNicholas P, Rech S, Gunsalus R (1997) Characterization of the ModE DNA-binding sites in the control regions of modABCD and moaABCDE of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 23:515-524
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
164. Messenger SL, Green J (2003) FNR-mediated regulation of hyp expression in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 228:81-86
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
165. Michaud-Soret I, Adrait A, Jaquinod M, Forest E, Touati D, Latour J (1997) Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the apo- and metal-substituted forms of the Fur protein. FEBS Lett 413:473-476
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
166. Mills S, Jasalavich C, Cooksey D (1993) A two-component regulatory system required for copper-inducible expression of the copper resistance operon of Pseudomonas syringae. J Bacteriol 175:1656-1664
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
167. Morby AP, Turner JS, Huckle JW, Robinson NJ (1993) SmtB is a metal-dependent repressor of the cyanobacterial metallothionein gene smtA: identification of a Zn inhibited DNA-protein complex. Nucleic Acids Res 21:921-925
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
168. Mouncey N, Mitchenall L, Pau R (1996) The modE gene product mediates molybdenum-dependent expression of genes for the high-affinity molybdate transporter and modG in Azotobacter vinelandii. Microbiology 142 (Pt 8):1997-2004
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
169. Mukhopadhyay D, Yu HR, Nucifora G, Misra TK (1991) Purification and functional characterization of MerD. A coregulator of the mercury resistance operon in gram-negative bacteria. J Biol Chem 266:18538-18542
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
170. Munson G, Lam D, Outten F, O'Halloran T (2000) Identification of a copper-responsive two-component system on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 182:5864-5871
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
171. Navarro C, Wu LF, Mandrand-Berthelot MA (1993) The nik operon of Escherichia coli encodes a periplasmic binding-protein-dependent transport system for nickel. Mol Microbiol 9:1181-1191
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
172. Niederhoffer EC, Naranjo CM, Bradley KL, Fee JA (1990) Control of Escherichia coli superoxide dismutase (sodA and sodB) genes by the ferric uptake regulation (fur) locus. J Bacteriol 172:1930-1938
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
173. Noll M, Petrukhin K, Lutsenko S (1998) Identification of a novel transcription regulator from Proteus mirabilis, PMTR, revealed a possible role of YJAI protein in balancing zinc in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 273:21393-21401
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
174. Nucifora G, Silver S, Misra TK (1989) Down regulation of the mercury resistance operon by the most promoter-distal gene merD. Mol Gen Genet 220:69-72
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
175. Nunoshiba T, Hidalgo E, Amabile Cuevas CF, Demple B (1992) Two-stage control of an oxidative stress regulon: the Escherichia coli SoxR protein triggers redox-inducible expression of the soxS regulatory gene. J Bacteriol 174:6054-6060
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
176. Ochsner UA, Vasil ML (1996) Gene repression by the ferric uptake regulator in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: cycle selection of iron-regulated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4409-4414
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
177. Ogawa T, Bao D, Katoh H, Shibata M, Pakrasi H, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M (2002) A two-component signal transduction pathway regulates manganese homeostasis in Synechocystis 6803, a photosynthetic organism. J Biol Chem 277:28981-28986
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
178. O'Halloran TV, Walsh CT (1986) Positive and negative control of prokaryotic gene-expression by a metalloprotein - purification and characterization of the MerR regulatory protein. J Cell Biochem Suppl 10D
Google Scholar
179. Osorio C, Lemos M, Braun V (2004) Identification of Fur regulated genes in the bacterial fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida using the Fur titration assay. Biometals 17:725-733
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
180. Outten C, Tobin D, Penner-Hahn J, O'Halloran T (2001) Characterization of the metal receptor sites in Escherichia coli Zur, an ultrasensitive zinc(II) metalloregulatory protein. Biochemistry 40:10417-10423
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
181. Outten CE, O'Halloran TV (2001) Femtomolar sensitivity of metalloregulatory proteins controlling zinc homeostasis. Science 292:2488-2492
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
182. Outten CE, Outten FW, O'Halloran TV (1999) DNA distortion mechanism for transcriptional activation by ZntR, a Zn(II)-responsive MerR homologue in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 274:37517-37524
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
183. Outten FW, Outten CE, Hale J, O'Halloran TV (2000) Transcriptional activation of an Escherichia coli copper efflux regulon by the chromosomal MerR homologue, cueR. J Biol Chem 275:31024-31029
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
184. Parkhill J, Ansari AZ, Wright JG, Brown NL, O'Halloran TV (1993) Construction and characterization of a mercury-independent MerR activator (MerRAC): transcriptional activation in the absence of Hg(II) is accompanied by DNA distortion. Embo J 12:413-421
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
185. Patzer S, Hantke K (2001) Dual repression by Fe(2+)-Fur and Mn(2+)-MntR of the mntH gene, encoding an NRAMP-like Mn(2+) transporter in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 183:4806-4813
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
186. Patzer SI, Hantke K (1998) The ZnuABC high-affinity zinc uptake system and its regulator Zur in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 28:1199-1210
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
187. Patzer SI, Hantke K (2000) The zinc-responsive regulator Zur and its control of the znu gene cluster encoding the ZnuABC zinc uptake system in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 275:24321-24332
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
188. Pelletier B, Beaudoin J, Mukai Y, Labbe S (2002) Fep1, an iron sensor regulating iron transporter gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 277:22950-22958
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
189. Pelletier B, Beaudoin J, Philpott C, Labbe S (2003) Fep1 represses expression of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe siderophore-iron transport system. Nucleic Acids Res 31:4332-4344
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
190. Pennella M, Shokes J, Cosper N, Scott R, Giedroc D (2003) Structural elements of metal selectivity in metal sensor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3713-3718
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
191. Petersen C, Moller LB (2000) Control of copper homeostasis in Escherichia coli by a P-type ATPase, CopA, and a MerR-like transcriptional activator, CopR. Gene 261:289-298
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
192. Petris MJ, Mercer JF, Culvenor JG, Lockhart P, Gleeson PA, Camakaris J (1996) Ligand-regulated transport of the Menkes copper P-type ATPase efflux pump from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane: a novel mechanism of regulated trafficking. Embo J 15:6084-6095
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
193. Petris MJ, Smith K, Lee J, Thiele DJ (2003) Copper-stimulated endocytosis and degradation of the human copper transporter, hCtr1. J Biol Chem 278:9639-9646
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
194. Pohl E, Goranson-Siekierke J, Choi M, Roosild T, Holmes R, Hol W (2001) Structures of three diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) variants with decreased repressor activity. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 57:619-627
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
195. Pohl E, Haller J, Mijovilovich A, Meyer-Klaucke W, Garman E, Vasil M (2003) Architecture of a protein central to iron homeostasis: crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of the ferric uptake regulator. Mol Microbiol 47:903-915
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
196. Pohl E, Holmes R, Hol W (1998) Motion of the DNA-binding domain with respect to the core of the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) revealed in the crystal structures of apo- and holo-DtxR. J Biol Chem 273:22420-22427
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
197. Pohl E, Holmes R, Hol W (1999a) Crystal structure of a cobalt-activated diphtheria toxin repressor-DNA complex reveals a metal-binding SH3-like domain. J Mol Biol 292:653-667
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
198. Pohl E, Holmes R, Hol W (1999b) Crystal structure of the iron-dependent regulator (IdeR) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows both metal binding sites fully occupied. J Mol Biol 285:1145-1156
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
199. Posey J, Hardham J, Norris S, Gherardini F (1999) Characterization of a manganese-dependent regulatory protein, TroR, from Treponema pallidum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:10887-10892
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
200. Premakumar R, Pau R, Mitchenall L, Easo M, Bishop P (1998) Regulation of the transcriptional activators AnfA and VnfA by metals and ammonium in Azotobacter vinelandii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 164:63-68
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
201. Puig S, Askeland E, Thiele DJ (2005) Coordinated remodeling of cellular metabolism during iron deficiency through targeted mRNA degradation. Cell 120:99-110
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
202. Qi Z, Hamza I, O'Brian M (1999) Heme is an effector molecule for iron-dependent degradation of the bacterial iron response regulator (Irr) protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13056-13061
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
203. Qiu X, Verlinde C, Zhang S, Schmitt M, Holmes R, Hol W (1995) Three-dimensional structure of the diphtheria toxin repressor in complex with divalent cation co-repressors. Structure 3:87-100
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
204. Que Q, Helmann J (2000) Manganese homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by MntR, a bifunctional regulator related to the diphtheria toxin repressor family of proteins. Mol Microbiol 35:1454-1468
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
205. Quinn J, Merchant S (1995) Two copper-responsive elements associated with the Chlamydomonas Cyc6 gene function as targets for transcriptional activators. Plant Cell 7:623-628
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
206. Quinn J, Nakamoto S, Merchant S (1999) Induction of coproporphyrinogen oxidase in Chlamydomonas chloroplasts occurs via transcriptional regulation of Cpx1 mediated by copper response elements and increased translation from a copper deficiency-specific form of the transcript. J Biol Chem 274:14444-14454
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
207. Radtke F, Georgiev O, Muller H, Brugnera E, Schaffner W (1995) Functional domains of the heavy metal-responsive transcription regulator MTF-1. Nucleic Acids Res 23:2277-2286
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
208. Rae TD, Schmidt PJ, Pufahl RA, Culotta VC, O'Halloran TV (1999) Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. Science 284:805-808
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
209. Ralston DM, O'Halloran TV (1990) Ultrasensitivity and heavy-metal selectivity of the allosterically modulated MerR transcription complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:3846-3850
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
210. Rensing C, Mitra B, Rosen BP (1997) The zntA gene of Escherichia coli encodes a Zn(II)-translocating P-type ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14326-14331
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
211. Rivers SL, McNairn E, Blasco F, Giordano G, Boxer DH (1993) Molecular genetic analysis of the moa operon of Escherichia coli K-12 required for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 8:1071-1081
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
212. Robertson L, Causton H, Young R, Fink G (2000) The yeast A kinases differentially regulate iron uptake and respiratory function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:5984-5988
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
213. Rosen B, Dey S, Dou D, Ji G, Kaur P, Ksenzenko M, Silver S, Wu J (1992) Evolution of an ion-translocating ATPase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 671:257-272
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
214. Rosenstein R, Nikoleit K, Gotz F (1994) Binding of ArsR, the repressor of the Staphylococcus xylosus (pSX267) arsenic resistance operon to a sequence with dyad symmetry within the ars promoter. Mol Gen Genet 242:566-572
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
215. Rouch D, Brown N (1997) Copper-inducible transcriptional regulation at two promoters in the Escherichia coli copper resistance determinant pco. Microbiology 143 (Pt 4):1191-1202
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
216. Rutherford J, Cavet J, Robinson N (1999) Cobalt-dependent transcriptional switching by a dual-effector MerR-like protein regulates a cobalt-exporting variant CPx-type ATPase. J Biol Chem 274:25827-25832
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
217. Rutherford J, Jaron S, Ray E, Brown P, Winge D (2001) A second iron-regulatory system in yeast independent of Aft1p. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14322-14327
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
218. Rutherford J, Jaron S, Winge D (2003) Aft1p and Aft2p mediate iron-responsive gene expression in yeast through related promoter elements. J Biol Chem 278:27636-27643
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
219. Rutherford J, Ojeda L, Balk J, Muhlenhoff U, Lill R, Winge D (2005) Activation of the iron regulon by the yeast Aft1/Aft2 transcription factors depends on mitochondrial, but not cytosolic iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. J Biol Chem 280:10135-10140
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
220. Ruzsa S, Scandalios J (2003) Altered Cu metabolism and differential transcription of Cu/ZnSod genes in a Cu/ZnSOD-deficient mutant of maize: evidence for a Cu-responsive transcription factor. Biochemistry 42:1508-1516
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
221. San Francisco MJ, Hope CL, Owolabi JB, Tisa LS, Rosen BP (1990) Identification of the metalloregulatory element of the plasmid-encoded arsenical resistance operon. Nucleic Acids Res 18:619-624
Google Scholar
222. Saydam N, Georgiev O, Nakano M, Greber U, Schaffner W (2001) Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 is regulated by diverse stress signals. J Biol Chem 276:25487-25495
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
223. Schaffer S, Hantke K, Braun V (1985) Nucleotide sequence of the iron regulatory gene fur. Mol Gen Genet 200:110-113
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
224. Schiering N, Kabsch W, Moore MJ, Distefano MD, Walsh CT, Pai EF (1991) Structure of the detoxification catalyst mercuric ion reductase from Bacillus sp. strain RC607. Nature 352:168-172
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
225. Schiering N, Tao X, Zeng H, Murphy J, Petsko G, Ringe D (1995) Structures of the apo- and the metal ion-activated forms of the diphtheria tox repressor from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9843-9850
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
226. Schmitt M, Predich M, Doukhan L, Smith I, Holmes R (1995) Characterization of an iron-dependent regulatory protein (IdeR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a functional homolog of the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Infect Immun 63:4284-4289
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
227. Schmitt MP (1997a) Transcription of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae hmuO gene is regulated by iron and heme. Infect Immun 65:4634-4641
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
228. Schmitt MP (1997b) Utilization of host iron sources by Corynebacterium diphtheriae: identification of a gene whose product is homologous to eukaryotic heme oxygenases and is required for acquisition of iron from heme and hemoglobin. J Bacteriol 179:838-845
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
229. Schmitt MP, Holmes RK (1994) Cloning, sequence, and footprint analysis of two promoter/operators from Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are regulated by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and iron. J Bacteriol 176:1141-1149
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
230. Schneider R, Hantke K (1993) Iron-hydroxamate uptake systems in Bacillus subtilis: identification of a lipoprotein as part of a binding protein-dependent transport system. Mol Microbiol 8:111-121
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
231. Schreiter ER, Sintchak MD, Guo Y, Chivers PT, Sauer RT, Drennan CL (2003) Crystal structure of the nickel-responsive transcription factor NikR. Nat Struct Biol 10:794-799
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
232. Schuttelkopf A, Boxer D, Hunter W (2003) Crystal structure of activated ModE reveals conformational changes involving both oxyanion and DNA-binding domains. J Mol Biol 326:761-767
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
233. Self W, Grunden A, Hasona A, Shanmugam K (1999) Transcriptional regulation of molybdoenzyme synthesis in Escherichia coli in response to molybdenum: ModE-molybdate, a repressor of the modABCD (molybdate transport) operon is a secondary transcriptional activator for the hyc and nar operons. Microbiology 145 (Pt 1):41-55
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
234. Serpe M, Joshi A, Kosman D (1999) Structure-function analysis of the protein-binding domains of Mac1p, a copper-dependent transcriptional activator of copper uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 274:29211-29219
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
235. Shewchuk LM, Helmann JD, Ross W, Park SJ, Summers AO, Walsh CT (1989a) Transcriptional switching by the MerR protein: activation and repression mutants implicate distinct DNA and mercury(II) binding domains. Biochemistry 28:2340-2344
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
236. Shewchuk LM, Verdine GL, Walsh CT (1989b) Transcriptional switching by the metalloregulatory MerR protein: initial characterization of DNA and mercury (II) binding activities. Biochemistry 28:2331-2339
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
237. Shi W, Dong J, Scott RA, Ksenzenko MY, Rosen BP (1996) The role of arsenic-thiol interactions in metalloregulation of the ars operon. J Biol Chem 271:9291-9297
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
238. Shi W, Wu J, Rosen B (1994) Identification of a putative metal binding site in a new family of metalloregulatory proteins. J Biol Chem 269:19826-19829
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
239. Silver S (1992) Plasmid-determined metal resistance mechanisms: range and overview. Plasmid 27:1-3
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
240. Silver S, Johnseine P, King K (1970) Manganese active transport in Eschericia coli. J. Bacteriol 104:1299-1306
CAS Google Scholar
241. Singh VK, Xiong A, Usgaard TR, Chakrabarti S, Deora R, Misra TK, Jayaswal RK (1999) ZntR is an autoregulatory protein and negatively regulates the chromosomal zinc resistance operon znt of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 33:200-207
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
242. Smirnova I, Bittel D, Ravindra R, Jiang H, Andrews G (2000) Zinc and cadmium can promote rapid nuclear translocation of metal response element-binding transcription factor-1. J Biol Chem 275:9377-9384
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
243. Solioz M, Stoyanov J (2003) Copper homeostasis in Enterococcus hirae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27:183-195
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
244. Spiering M, Ringe D, Murphy J, Marletta M (2003) Metal stoichiometry and functional studies of the diphtheria toxin repressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3808-3813
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
245. Stojiljkovic I, Baumler AJ, Hantke K (1994) Fur regulon in gram-negative bacteria. Identification and characterization of new iron-regulated Escherichia coli genes by a fur titration assay. J Mol Biol 236:531-545
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
246. Stojiljkovic I, Hantke K (1995) Functional domains of the Escherichia coli ferric uptake regulator protein (Fur). Mol Gen Genet 247:199-205
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
247. Stoyanov JV, Brown NL (2003) The Escherichia coli copper-responsive copA promoter is activated by gold. J Biol Chem 278:1407-1410
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
248. Stoyanov JV, Hobman JL, Brown NL (2001) CueR (YbbI) of Escherichia coli is a MerR family regulator controlling expression of the copper exporter CopA. Mol Microbiol 39:502-511
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
249. Strausak D, Solioz M (1997) CopY is a copper-inducible repressor of the Enterococcus hirae copper ATPases. J Biol Chem 272:8932-8936
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
250. Tang Y, Guest JR (1999) Direct evidence for mRNA binding and post-transcriptional regulation by Escherichia coli aconitases. Microbiology 145 (Pt 11):3069-3079
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
251. Tao X, Zeng H, Murphy J (1995) Transition metal ion activation of DNA binding by the diphtheria tox repressor requires the formation of stable homodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:6803-6807
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
252. Tetaz T, Luke R (1983) Plasmid-controlled resistance to copper in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 154:1263-1268
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
253. Thelwell C, Robinson N, Turner-Cavet J (1998) An SmtB-like repressor from Synechocystis PCC 6803 regulates a zinc exporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10728-10733
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
254. Thiele D (1988) ACE1 regulates expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein gene. Mol Cell Biol 8:2745-2752
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
255. Thiele D, Hamer D (1986) Tandemly duplicated upstream control sequences mediate copper-induced transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae copper-metallothionein gene. Mol Cell Biol 6:1158-1163
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
256. Thorvaldsen J, Sewell A, Tanner A, Peltier J, Pickering I, George G, Winge D (1994) Mixed Cu+ and Zn2+ coordination in the DNA-binding domain of the AMT1 transcription factor from Candida glabrata. Biochemistry 33:9566-9577
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
257. Touati D, Jacques M, Tardat B, Bouchard L, Despied S (1995) Lethal oxidative damage and mutagenesis are generated by iron in delta fur mutants of Escherichia coli: protective role of superoxide dismutase. J Bacteriol 177:2305-2314
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
258. Turner J, Glands P, Samson A, Robinson N (1996) Zn2+-sensing by the cyanobacterial metallothionein repressor SmtB: different motifs mediate metal-induced protein-DNA dissociation. Nucleic Acids Res 24:3714-3721
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
259. Turner R, Smith D, Zawrotny M, Summers M, Posewitz M, Winge D (1998) Solution structure of a zinc domain conserved in yeast copper-regulated transcription factors. Nat Struct Biol 5:551-555
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
260. van Bakel H, Huynen M, Wijmenga C (2004) Prokaryotic diversity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atx1p-mediated copper pathway. Bioinformatics 20:2644-2655
Google Scholar
261. van der Lelie D, Schwuchow T, Schwidetzky U, Wuertz S, Baeyens W, Mergeay M, Nies D (1997) Two-component regulatory system involved in transcriptional control of heavy-metal homoeostasis in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Mol Microbiol 23:493-503
Google Scholar
262. van Vliet A, Baillon M, Penn C, Ketley J (1999) Campylobacter jejuni contains two fur homologs: characterization of iron-responsive regulation of peroxide stress defense genes by the PerR repressor. J Bacteriol 181:6371-6376
Google Scholar
263. van Vliet AH, Poppelaars SW, Davies BJ, Stoof J, Bereswill S, Kist M, Penn CW, Kuipers EJ, Kusters JG (2002) NikR mediates nickel-responsive transcriptional induction of urease expression in Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 70:2846-2852
Google Scholar
264. VanZile M, Chen X, Giedroc D (2002a) Allosteric negative regulation of smt O/P binding of the zinc sensor, SmtB, by metal ions: a coupled equilibrium analysis. Biochemistry 41:9776-9786
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
265. VanZile M, Chen X, Giedroc D (2002b) Structural characterization of distinct alpha3N and alpha5 metal sites in the cyanobacterial zinc sensor SmtB. Biochemistry 41:9765-9775
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
266. VanZile ML, Cosper NJ, Scott RA, Giedroc DP (2000) The zinc metalloregulatory protein Synechococcus PCC7942 SmtB binds a single zinc ion per monomer with high affinity in a tetrahedral coordination geometry. Biochemistry 39:11818-11829
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
267. Voisard C, Wang J, McEvoy J, Xu P, Leong S (1993) urbs1, a gene regulating siderophore biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis, encodes a protein similar to the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1. Mol Cell Biol 13:7091-7100
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
268. Voutsina A, Fragiadakis G, Boutla A, Alexandraki D (2001) The second cysteine-rich domain of Mac1p is a potent transactivator that modulates DNA binding efficiency and functionality of the protein. FEBS Lett 494:38-43
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
269. Walkenhorst H, Hemschemeier S, Eichenlaub R (1995) Molecular analysis of the molybdate uptake operon, modABCD, of Escherichia coli and modR, a regulatory gene. Microbiol Res 150:347-361
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
270. Wan X, Verberkmoes N, McCue L, Stanek D, Connelly H, Hauser L, Wu L, Liu X, Yan T, Leaphart A, Hettich R, Zhou J, Thompson D (2004) Transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of the Fur modulon in the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. J Bacteriol 186:8385-8400
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
271. Wang G, Wylie G, Twigg P, Caspar D, Murphy J, Logan T (1999) Solution structure and peptide binding studies of the C-terminal src homology 3-like domain of the diphtheria toxin repressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6119-6124
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
272. Wang SC, Dias AV, Bloom SL, Zamble DB (2004a) Selectivity of metal binding and metal-induced stability of Escherichia coli NikR. Biochemistry 43:10018-10028
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
273. Wang Y, Lorenzi I, Georgiev O, Schaffner W (2004b) Metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) selects different types of metal response elements at low vs. high zinc concentration. Biol Chem 385:623-632
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
274. Waters B, Eide D (2002) Combinatorial control of yeast FET4 gene expression by iron, zinc, and oxygen. J Biol Chem 277:33749-33757
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
275. Westin G, Schaffner W (1988) A zinc-responsive factor interacts with a metal-regulated enhancer element (MRE) of the mouse metallothionein-I gene. Embo J 7:3763-3770
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
276. White A, Ding X, vanderSpek J, Murphy J, Ringe D (1998) Structure of the metal-ion-activated diphtheria toxin repressor/tox operator complex. Nature 394:502-506
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
277. Winkelmann G (2002) Microbial siderophore-mediated transport. Biochem Soc Trans 30:691-696
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
278. Wu J, Rosen B (1991) The ArsR protein is a trans-acting regulatory protein. Mol Microbiol 5:1331-1336
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
279. Wu J, Rosen B (1993a) The arsD gene encodes a second trans-acting regulatory protein of the plasmid-encoded arsenical resistance operon. Mol Microbiol 8:615-623
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
280. Wu J, Rosen BP (1993b) Metalloregulated expression of the ars operon. J Biol Chem 268:52-58
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
281. Wu J, Tisa L, Rosen B (1992) Membrane topology of the ArsB protein, the membrane subunit of an anion-translocating ATPase. J Biol Chem 267:12570-12576
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
282. Wu J, Weiss B (1991) Two divergently transcribed genes, soxR and soxS, control a superoxide response regulon of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 173:2864-2871
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
283. Wu LF, Mandrand-Berthelot MA (1986) Genetic and physiological characterization of new Escherichia coli mutants impaired in hydrogenase activity. Biochimie 68:167-179
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
284. Wu LF, Mandrand-Berthelot MA, Waugh R, Edmonds CJ, Holt SE, Boxer DH (1989) Nickel deficiency gives rise to the defective hydrogenase phenotype of hydC and fnr mutants in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 3:1709-1718
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
285. Xiao Z, Loughlin F, George GN, Howlett GJ, Wedd AG (2004) C-terminal domain of the membrane copper transporter Ctr1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae binds four Cu(I) ions as a cuprous-thiolate polynuclear cluster: sub-femtomolar Cu(I) affinity of three proteins involved in copper trafficking. J Am Chem Soc 126:3081-3090
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
286. Xiong A, Jayaswal R (1998) Molecular characterization of a chromosomal determinant conferring resistance to zinc and cobalt ions in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 180:4024-4029
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
287. Xu C, Shi W, Rosen B (1996) The chromosomal arsR gene of Escherichia coli encodes a trans-acting metalloregulatory protein. J Biol Chem 271:2427-2432
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
288. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Dancis A, Klausner R (1995) AFT1: a mediator of iron regulated transcriptional control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Embo J 14:1231-1239
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
289. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Stearman R, Dancis A, Klausner R (1996) Iron-regulated DNA binding by the AFT1 protein controls the iron regulon in yeast. Embo J 15:3377-3384
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
290. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Ueta R, Fukunaka A, Sasaki R (2002) Subcellular localization of Aft1 transcription factor responds to iron status in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 277:18914-18918
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
291. Yang J, Ishimori K, O'Brian M (2004) Two heme binding sites are involved in the regulated degradation of the bacterial iron response regulator (Irr) protein. J Biol Chem 280:7671-7676
PubMed Google Scholar
292. Yoon K, Misra T, Silver S (1991) Regulation of the cadA cadmium resistance determinant of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. J Bacteriol 173:7643-7649
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
293. Zhang B, Egli D, Georgiev O, Schaffner W (2001) The Drosophila homolog of mammalian zinc finger factor MTF-1 activates transcription in response to heavy metals. Mol Cell Biol 21:4505-4514
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
294. Zhang B, Georgiev O, Hagmann M, Gunes C, Cramer M, Faller P, Vasak M, Schaffner W (2003) Activity of metal-responsive transcription factor 1 by toxic heavy metals and H2O2 in vitro is modulated by metallothionein. Mol Cell Biol 23:8471-8485
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
295. Zhao H, Butler E, Rodgers J, Spizzo T, Duesterhoeft S, Eide D (1998) Regulation of zinc homeostasis in yeast by binding of the ZAP1 transcriptional activator to zinc-responsive promoter elements. J Biol Chem 273:28713-28720
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
296. Zhao H, Eide D (1996a) The yeast ZRT1 gene encodes the zinc transporter protein of a high-affinity uptake system induced by zinc limitation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2454-2458
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
297. Zhao H, Eide D (1996b) The ZRT2 gene encodes the low affinity zinc transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 271:23203-23210
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
298. Zhao H, Eide D (1997) Zap1p, a metalloregulatory protein involved in zinc-responsive transcriptional regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 17:5044-5052
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
299. Zheng M, Doan B, Schneider T, Storz G (1999) OxyR and SoxRS regulation of fur. J Bacteriol 181:4639-4643
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
300. Zhou L, Haas H, Marzluf G (1998) Isolation and characterization of a new gene, sre, which encodes a GATA-type regulatory protein that controls iron transport in Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 259:532-540
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
301. Zhou P, Szczypka M, Sosinowski T, Thiele D (1992) Expression of a yeast metallothionein gene family is activated by a single metalloregulatory transcription factor. Mol Cell Biol 12:3766-3775
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
302. Zhou P, Thiele D (1991) Isolation of a metal-activated transcription factor gene from Candida glabrata by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6112-6116
PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
303. Zhu Z, Labbe S, Pena M, Thiele D (1998) Copper differentially regulates the activity and degradation of yeast Mac1 transcription factor. J Biol Chem 273:1277-1280
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
304. Znaidi S, Pelletier B, Mukai Y, Labbe S (2004) The Schizosaccharomyces pombe corepressor Tup11 interacts with the iron-responsive transcription factor Fep1. J Biol Chem 279:9462-9474
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
305. Zou P, Borovok I, Ortiz de Orue Lucana D, Muller D, Schrempf H (1999) The mycelium-associated Streptomyces reticuli catalase-peroxidase, its gene and regulation by FurS. Microbiology 145 (Pt 3):549-559
PubMed CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Complex Genetics Group, Dept. of Biomedical Genetics, Stratenum 2.117, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Harm van Bakel & Cisca Wijmenga

Authors

Harm van Bakel
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Cisca Wijmenga
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harm van Bakel .

Editor information

Markus J. Tamas Enrico Martinoia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Bakel, H., Wijmenga, C. (2005). Family matters: gene regulation by metal-dependent transcription factors. In: Tamas, M.J., Martinoia, E. (eds) Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification. Topics in Current Genetics, vol 14. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/4735_104

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/4735_104
Published: 15 September 2005
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22175-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31719-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics