Abstract
Biomedical applications of hydrogel membranes require understanding of their structural characteristics and diffusive behavior. Thus, the subject of this review is the analysis of the response of such biomembranes to their surrounding environment. This responsive behavior may be due to the presence of certain functional groups along the polymer chains or specific interactions between polymer chains (complexation). This behavior is particularly important in the use of these physiologically responsive materials in membrane applications. We begin with an introduction to the structural characteristics and behavior of hydrogel membranes followed by a discussion of the types of environmentally responsive behavior seen with hydrogels. The subject of interpolymer complexation is then treated with emphasis on complexation due to hydrogen bonding and how this type of behavior may be used to produce responsive membranes. Finally, the theories of transport in membranes are reviewed.
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Abbreviations
- a1 :
-
activity of swelling agent
- c:
-
concentration
- D:
-
diffusivity
- Da :
-
diffusivity through amorphous polymer portion of semicrystalline polymer
- Dc :
-
diffusivity through crystalline polymer portion of semicrystalline polymer
- G:
-
shear modulus
- Deff :
-
effective diffusivity of solute in porous membrane
- Dim :
-
diffusivity of solute i in polymer membrane
- Diw :
-
diffusivity of solute i in pure water
- D2,1 :
-
diffusivity of solute in pure water
- D2,13 :
-
diffusivity of solute in water swollen polymer
- D∞ :
-
diffusivity in bulk solution
- E:
-
elastic modulus
- Ed :
-
activation energy for diffusion
- Fs :
-
drag force between solute and solvent
- f∞ :
-
friction factor
- G:
-
shear modulus
- g:
-
lag coefficient
- H:
-
membrane hydration
- I:
-
ionic strength
- i:
-
ionization
- J:
-
solute flux
- K:
-
ratio of pore to bulk friction coefficients
- Kp :
-
partition coefficient in pores
- k:
-
Boltzmann constant
- K′:
-
partition coefficient
- L:
-
mechanochemical compliance
- \(\bar M_c\) :
-
number average molecular weight between crosslinks
- \(\bar M_n\) :
-
number average molecular weight of uncrosslinked polymer
- Mt :
-
mass released at time t
- M∞ :
-
mass released as t approaches ∞
- N:
-
Avogadro's number
- \(\bar N_s\) :
-
average solute flux
- n:
-
diffusional exponent
- n1 :
-
moles of swelling agent
- P:
-
permeability coefficient
- P2, 13 :
-
permeability coefficient of solute in water swollen polymer
- Q:
-
equilibrium volume swelling ratio
- q:
-
equilibrium weight swelling ratio
- qs :
-
cross-sectional area of solute
- R:
-
gas constant
- rp :
-
pore radius
- rs :
-
solute radius
- T:
-
absolute temperature
- t:
-
time
- Us :
-
net solute velocity
- V:
-
volume
- Vf,1 :
-
free volume of water in swollen membrane
- V0 :
-
molecular volume of unswollen network
- \(\bar V_1\) :
-
molar volume of swelling agent
- V′1 :
-
free volume of water
- V1 :
-
donor cell volume
- V13 :
-
free volume in swollen membrane
- x1 :
-
mole fraction of swelling agent
- αs :
-
linear deformation factor
- γ1 :
-
activity coefficient of swelling agent
- δ:
-
membrane thickness
- ΔG:
-
total free energy change
- ΔGel :
-
elastic free energy
- ΔGion :
-
ionic free energy
- ΔGmix :
-
free energy of mixing
- ΔSel :
-
entropy change due to deformation
- ε:
-
porosity
- ζ:
-
ratio of pore to bulk diffusivity
- λ:
-
ratio of rs to rp
- λ2,1 :
-
solute difusional jump length in water
- λ2,13 :
-
solute diffusional jump length in swollen polymer
- μ:
-
chemical potential
- ν:
-
Poisson's ratio
- νe :
-
effective number of crosslinks per unit chain
- ρ:
-
density
- ρx :
-
crosslinking density
- τ:
-
tortuosity
- υa :
-
amorphous polymer volume fraction in semicrystalline polymer
- υc :
-
crystalline polymer volume fraction in semicrystalline polymer
- υ1 :
-
volume fraction of swelling agent
- υ2 :
-
volume fraction of polymer
- υs :
-
size of solute
- υ2,s :
-
equilibrium polymer volume fraction
- υ2,r :
-
polymer volume fraction after crosslinking but before swelling
- \(\bar \upsilon _{2,s}\) :
-
specific volume of polymer
- Φ(v):
-
free volume contributions
- ϕ(qs):
-
sieving mechanism parameter
- χ:
-
sieving coefficient
- χ1 :
-
Flory polymer-solvent interaction parameter
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Bell, C.L., Peppas, N.A. (1995). Biomedical membranes from hydrogels and interpolymer complexes. In: Peppas, N.A., Langer, R.S. (eds) Biopolymers II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 122. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3540587888_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3540587888_15
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