Skip to main content

Neuroanatomy of the Larynx

  • Chapter
Vocal Fold Paralysis

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hollinshead WH (1982) The pharynx and larynx. In: Anatomy for surgeons: the head and neck, 3rd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 389–441

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson EJ, Stewart PA (1988) Vagus nerve. In: Cranial nerves: anatomy and clinical comments. BC Decker, Philadelphia, pp 125–138

    Google Scholar 

  3. Meller SM (1984) Functional anatomy of the larynx. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 17:3–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yoshida Y, Mitsumasu T, Miyazaki T, Hirano M, Kaneseki T (1984) Distribution of motoneurons in the brain stem of monkeys, innervating the larynx. Brain Res Bull 13:413–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yajima Y, Hayashi Y (1989) Electrophysiological evidence for axonal branching of ambiguous laryngeal motoneurons. Brain Res 478:309–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yajima Y, Larson CR (1993) Multifunctional properties of ambiguous neurons identified electrophysiologically during vocalization in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 70:529–540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Patrickson JW, Smith TE, Zhou S-S (1991) Afferent projections of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Brain Res 539:169–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Graney DO, Flint PW (1998) Anatomy of the larynx/hypopharynx/trachea/bronchus/esophagus. In: Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Krause CJ, Schuller DE, Richardson MA (eds) Otolaryngology: head and neck surgery, 3rd edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 1823–1833

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sulica L (2004) The superior laryngeal nerve: function and dysfunction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 37:183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Durham CF, Harrison TS (1964) The surgical anatomy of the superior laryngeal nerve. Surg Gynecol Obstet 118:38–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Droulias C, Tzinas S, Harlaftis N, Akin JT, Gray SW, Skandalakis JE (1976) The superior laryngeal nerve. Am Surg 42:635–638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Moosman DA, DeWeese MS (1968) The external laryngeal nerve as related to thyroidectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127:1011–1016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Monfared A, Gorti G, Kim D (2002) Microsurgical anatomy of the laryngeal nerves as related to thyroid surgery. Laryngoscope 112:386–392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Monfared A, Kim D, Jaikumar S, Gorti G, Kam A (2001) Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Neurosurgery 49:925–933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Furlan JC, Brandao LG, Ferraz AR, Rodrigues AJ Jr (2003) Surgical anatomy of the extralaryngeal aspect of the superior laryngeal nerve. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:79–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sanders I, Mu L (1998) Anatomy of the human internal superior laryngeal nerve. Anat Rec 252:646–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sanudo J-R, Maranillo E, Leon X, Mirapeix R-M, Orus C, Quer M (1999) An anatomical study of anastomoses between laryngeal nerves. Laryngoscope 109:983–987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sanders I, Wu B-L, Mu L, Li Y, Biller HF (1993) The innervation of the human larynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:934–939

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Furlan JC, Brandao LG, Ferraz AR (2002) Prevalence of Galen’s anastomosis: an anatomical and comparative study. J Laryngol Otol 116:823–825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kambic V, Zargi M, Radsel Z (1984) The topographical anatomy of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: its importance in head and neck surgery. J Laryngol Otol 98:1121–1124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. DeVito MA, Malmgren LT, Gacek RR (1985) Three-dimensional distribution of neuromuscular junctions in human cricothyroid. Arch Otolaryngol 111:11–113

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kierner AC, Aigner M, Burian M (1998) The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: its topographical anatomy as related to surgery of the neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:301–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lennquist S, Cahlin C, Smeds S (1987) The superior laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Surgery 102:999–1008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Friedman M, LoSavio P, Ibrahim H (2002) Superior laryngeal nerve identification and preservation in thyroidectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:296–303

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sepulveda A, Sastre N, Chousleb A (1996) Topographic anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. J Recontruct Microsurg 12:5–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Skandalakis JE, Droulias C, Harlaftis N, Tzinas S, Gray SW, Akin JT (1976) The recurrent laryngeal nerve. Am Surg 42:629–634

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Steinberg JL, Khane GJ, Fernandes CMC, Nel JP (1986) Anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: a redescription. J Laryngol Otol 100:919–927

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gray SW, Skandalakis JE, Akin JT (1976) Embryological considerations of thyroid surgery: developmental anatomy of the thyroid, parathyroids and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Am Surg 42:621–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ardito G, Revelli L, D’Alatri L, Lerro V, Guidi ML, Ardito F (2004) Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Surg 187:249–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lore JM, Kim DJ, Elias S (1977) Preservation of the laryngeal nerves during total thyroid lobectomy. Ann Otol 86:777–788

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sun SQ, Zhao J, Lu H et al. (2001) An anatomical study of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: its branching patterns and relationship to the inferior thyroid artery. Surg Radiol Anat 23:363–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Nemiroff PM, Katz AD (1982) Extralaryngeal divisions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: surgical and clinical significance. Am J Surg 114:466–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Katz AD, Nemiroff P (1993) Anastamoses and bifurcations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: report of 1177 nerves visualized. Am Surg 59:188–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Page C, Foulon P, Strunski V (2003) The inferior laryngeal nerve: Surgical and anatomic considerations. Report of 251 thyroidectomies. Surg Radiol Anat 25:188–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Moreau S, de Rougy MG, Babin E et al. (1998) The recurrent laryngeal nerve: related vascular anatomy. Laryngoscope 108:1351–1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Riddell VH (1956) Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves during thyroidectomy. Lancet 271:638–641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Armstrong WG, Hinton JW (1951) Multiple divisions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: an anatomic study. Arch Surg 62:532–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bowden REM (1955) The surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Br J Surg 43:153–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clader DN, Luter PW, Daniels BT (1957) A photographic study of the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves and the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. Am J Surg 23:608–618

    Google Scholar 

  40. Weeks C, Hinton JW (1942) Extralaryngeal divisions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: its significance to vocal cord paralysis. Am J Surg 16:251–258

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wu B, Sanders I, Mu L, Biller HF (1994) The human communicating nerve: an extension of the external superior laryngeal nerve that innervates the vocal fold. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:1321–1328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Woodson GE (1993) Configuration of the glottis in laryngeal paralysis. I: Clinical study. Laryngoscope 103:1227–1234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Koufman JA, Walker FO, Joharji GM (1995) The cricothyroid muscle does not influence vocal fold position in laryngeal paralysis. Laryngoscope 105:369–272

    Google Scholar 

  44. Reed AF (1943) The relation of the inferior laryngeal nerve to the inferior thyroid artery. Anat Rec 85:17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Filaire M, Garcier JM, Harouna Y, Laurent S, Mom T, Naamee A, et al. (2001) Intrathoracic blood supply of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Surg Radiol Anat 23:249–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Berlin DD (1935) The recurrent laryngeal nerves in total ablation of the normal thyroid gland. An anatomical and surgical study. Surg Gynecol Obstet 60:19–26

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hunt PS (1968) A reappraisal of the surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Br J Surg 55:63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sasou S, Nakamura S, Kurihara H (1998) Suspensory ligament of Berry: its relationship to recurrent laryngeal nerve and examination in 24 autopsies. Head Neck 20:695–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gauger PG, Delbridge LW, Thompson NW, Crummer P, Reeve TS (2001) Incidence and importance of the tubercle of Zuckerkandl in thyroid surgery. Eur J Surg 167:249–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pelizzo MR, Toniato A, Gemo G (1998) Zuckerkandl’s tuberculum: an arrow pointing to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (constant anatomical landmark). J Am Coll Surg 187:333–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hisham AN, Aina EN (2000) Zuckerkandl’s tubercle of the thyroid gland in association with thyroid symptoms: a coincidence or consequence? Aust N Z J Surg 70:251–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang CA (1975) The use of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Surg Gynecol Obstet 140:91–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sant’Ambrogio G, Mathew OP, Fisher JT, Sant’Ambrogio FB (1983) Laryngeal receptors responding to transmural pressure, airflow and local muscle activity. Respir Physiol 54:317–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sant’Ambrogio G, Mathew OP (1986) Laryngeal receptors and their reflex responses. Clin Chest Med 7:211–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Damrose EJ, Huang RY, Ye M, Berke GS, Sercarz JA (2003) Surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: implications for laryngeal reinnervation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112:434–438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nguyen M, Junien-Lavillauroy C, Faure C (1989) Anatomical intra-laryngeal anterior branch study of the recurrent (inferior) laryngeal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat 11:123–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanders I, Li Y, Biller H (1995) Axons enter the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle from the superior direction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121:754–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bryant NJ, Woodson GE, Kaufman K et al. (1996) Human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle compartments. Anatomy and mechanics. Arch Otolaryngol 122:1331–1336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mu L, Sanders I, Wu B-L, Biller HF (1994) The intramuscular innervation of the human interarytenoid muscle. Laryngoscope 104:33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sanders I, Rai S, Han Y, Biller HF (1998) Human vocalis contains distinct superior and inferior subcompartments: possible candidates for the two masses of vocal fold vibration. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 107:826–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sanders I, Han Y, Wang J, Biller H (1998) Muscle spindles are concentrated in the superior vocalis subcompartment of the human thyroarytenoid muscle. J Voice 12:7–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Pressman JJ (1942) Physiology of the vocal cords in phonation and respiration. Arch Otolaryngol 35:355–398

    Google Scholar 

  63. Perie S, St. Guily JL, Callard P, Sebille A (1997) Innervation of adult human laryngeal muscle fibers. J Neurol Sci 149:81–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rosen M, Malmgren LT, Gacek RR (1983) Three dimensional computer reconstruction of the distribution of neuromuscular junctions in the thyroarytenoid muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 92:424–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sheppert AD, Spirou GA, Berrebi AS, Garnett JD (2003) Three-dimensional reconstruction of immunolabeled neuromuscular junctions in the human thyroarytenoid muscle. Laryngoscope 113:1973–1976

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Freije J, Malmgren LT, Gacek RR (1986) Motor endplate distribution in the human lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. Arch Otolaryngol 112:176–179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gambino DR, Malmgren LT, Gacek RR (1985) Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the neuromuscular junction distribution in the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Laryngoscope 95:556–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sanders I, Mu L, Wu B-L, Biller HF (1993) The intramuscular nerve supply of the human lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 113:679–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Williams AF (1951) The nerve supply of the laryngeal muscles. J Laryngol Otol 65:343–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pichler H, Gisel A (1953) The clinical significance of the ramification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves: a critical anatomic study. Laryngoscope 67:105–117

    Google Scholar 

  71. Rueger RS (1972) The superior laryngeal nerve and the interarytenoid muscle in humans: an anatomic study. Laryngoscope 82:2008–2031

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Schweizer V, Dorfl J (1997) The anatomy of the inferior laryngeal nerve. Clin Otolaryngol 22:362–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dedo HH, Ogura JH (1965) Vocal cord electromyography in the dog. Laryngoscope 75:201–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chitkara, A.E. (2006). Neuroanatomy of the Larynx. In: Sulica, L., Blitzer, A. (eds) Vocal Fold Paralysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32504-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32504-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23765-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-32504-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics