This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akimoto K, Yoshikawa N, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Imokawa G (1993) Quantitative analysis of stratum corneum lipids in xerosis and asteatotic eczema. J Dermatol 20:1–6
Appa Y (1999) Retinoid therapy: compatible skin care. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 12:111–119
Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G (2002) Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J Invest Dermatol 119:433–439
Bhawan J, Andersen W, Lee J, Labadie R, Solares G (1995) Photoaging versus intrinsic aging: a morphologic assessment of facial skin. J Cutan Pathol 22:154–159
Bleck O, Abeck D, Ring J, Hoppe U, Vietzke JP, Wolber R, Brandt O, Schreiner V (1999) Two ceramide subfractions detectable in Cer(AS) position by HPTLC in skin surface lipids of non-lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 113:894–900
Bouwstra JA, Honeywell-Nguyen PL, Gooris GS, Ponec M (2003) Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog Lipid Res 42:1–36
Choi EH, Kim MJ, Ahn SK, Park WS, Son ED, Nam GW, Chang I, Lee SH (2002) The skin barrier of aged hairless mice in a dry environment. Br J Dermatol 147:244–249
Conti A, Roges J, Verdejo P, Harding CR, Rawlings AV (1996) Seasonal influences on stratumcorneum ceramides 1 fatty acids and the influence of topical essential fatty acids. Int J Cosm Sci 18:1–12
Denda M, Sato J, Tsuchiya T, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1998) Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatosis. J Invest Dermatol 111:873–878
Di Nardo A, Wertz PW, Gianetti A, Seidenari S (1998) Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 78:27–30
Elias PM, Ghadially R (2002) The aged epidermal permeability barrier: basis for functional abnormalities. Clin Geriatr Med 18:103–120
Engelke M, Jensen JM, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Proksch E (1997) Effects of xerosis and ageing on epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Br J Dermatol 137: 219–225
Fartasch M, Bassukas ID, Diepgen TL (1992) Disturbed extruding mechanism of lamellar bodies in dry noneczematous skin of atopics. Br J Dermatol 127:221–227
Fartasch M (1995) Human barrier formation and reaction to irritation. Curr Probl Dermatol 23:95–103
Feingold KR, Elias PM (2000) The environmental interface: regulation of permeability barrier homeostasis. In: Lodén M, Maibach HI (Eds) Dry skin and moisturizers. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 45–58
Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeria-Martin SM, Feingold KR, Elias PM (1995) The aged epidermal permeability barrier. J Clin Invest 95:2281–2290
Ghadially R, Brown BE, Hanley K, Reed JT, Feingold KR, Elias PM (1996) Decreased epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for altered/barrier function in aged mice. J Invest Dermatol 106:1064–1069
Ghadially R (1998) Aging and the epidermal permeability barrier. Am J Contact Derm 9:162–169
Hara J, Higuchi K, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Imokawa G (2000) High-expression of sphingomyelinase deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 115:406–413
Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (1999) Adult scurvy. J Am Acad Dermatol 41:895–906
Höltje M, Förster T, Brandt B, Engelss T, von Rybinski W, Hölje HD (2001) Molecular dynamics simulations of stratum corneum lipid models: fatty acids and cholesterol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1511:156–167
Horii I, Nakayama Y, Obata M, Tagami H (1989) Stratum corneum hydration and amino acid content in xerotic skin. Br J Dermatol 121:587–592
Imokawa G, Akasaki S, Minematsu Y, Kawai M (1989) Importance of intercellular lipids in water-retention properties of the stratum corneum: induction and recovery study of surfactant dry skin. Arch Dermatol Res 281:45–51
Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A (1991) Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol 96:523–536
Jin K, higaki Y, Tagaki Y, Higuchi K, Yada Y, Kawashima M, Imokawa G (1994) Analysis of beta-glucocerebrosidase and ceramidase activities in atopic and aged dry skin. Acta Derm Venereol 74:337–340
Katagiri C, Sato J, Nomura J, Denda M (2003) Changes in environmental humidity affect the water-holding property of the stratum corneum and its free amino acid content, and the expression of filaggrin in the epidermis of hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 31:29–35
Lee SH, Elias PM, Proksch E, Menon GK, Mao-Quiang M, Feingold KR (1992) Calcium and potassium are important regulators of barrier homeostasis in murine epidermis. J Clin Invest 89:530–538
Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K (2002) Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound w-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 119:166–173
Matsumoto M, Umemoto N, Sufiura H, Uehara M (1999) Difference in ceramides composition between “dry” and “normal” skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 79:246–247
Meguro S, Arai Y, Masukawa Y, Uie K, Tokimitsu I (2000) Relationship between covalently bound ceramides and transepidermal water loss. Arch Dermatol Res 292:463–468
Melnik B, Hollmann J, Plewig G (1988) Decreased stratum corneum ceramides in atopic individuals-a pathobiochemical factor in xerosis? Br J Dermatol 119:547–549
Menon GK (2002) New insights into skin structure: scratching the surface. Adv Drug del Rev 54:S3–S17
Miyauchi H, Horio T, Asada Y (1992) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the water-reservoir functions of the stratum corneum. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 9:193–197
Motta S, Monti M, Sesana S, Mellesi L, Ghidoni R, Caputo R (1994) Abnormality of water barrier function in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 130:452–456
Murata Y, Ogata J, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Yada Y, Higuchi K, Tsuchiya T, Kawainami S, Imokawa G (1996) Abnormal expression of sphingomyelin acylase in atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor for ceramide deficiency? J Invest Dermatol 106:1242–1249
Nickoloff BJ, Naidu Y (1994) Perturbation of epidermal barrier function correlates with irritation of cytokine cascade in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 30:535–546
O’goshi K, Iguchi M, Tagami H (2000) Functional analysis of the stratum corneum of scalp skin: studies in patients with alopecia areata and androgenic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 292:605–611
Okamoto R, Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawasjima M, Takagi Y, Imokawa G (2003) Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is upregulated in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Lipid Res 44:93–102
Park TH, Park CH, Nha SK, Lee SH, Song KS, Lee HY, Han DS (1995) Dry skin in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis: the role of decreased sweating of the eccrine sweat gland. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:2269–2273
Pilgram GS, Vissers DC, van der Meulen H, Pavel S, Lavrijsen SP, Bouwstra JA, Koerten HK (2001) Aberrant lipid organization in stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis and lamellar ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 117:710–717
Plewig G, Jansen T, Schürer NY (1997) Das Stratum corneum. Hautarzt 48:510–521
Proksch E, Feingold KR, Mao-Qiang M, Elias PM (1991) Barrier function regulates epidermal DNA synthesis. J Clin Invest 87:1668–1673
Rawlings AV, Scott IR, Harding CG, Bowser PA (1994) Stratum corneum moisturizing at the molecular level. J Invest Dermatol 103:731–740
Redmond GP (2002) Hypothyroidism and women’s health. Int J Fertil Womens Med 47:123–127
Rogers J, Mayo A, Wathinson A et al (1993) Stratum corneum lipids: the effect of aging and the seasons. Arch Dermatol Res 288:765–770
Rogers J, Harding C, Mayo A, Banks J, Rawlings A (1996) Skin dryness-what is it? J Invest Dermatol 100:510A
Rowe A, Mallon E, Rosenberger P, Barrett M, Walsh J, Bunker CB (1999) Depletion of cutaneous peptidergic innervation in HIV-associated xerosis. J Invest Dermatol 112:284–289
Saint-Leger D, Francois AM, Leveque JL, Stoudemayer TJ, Kligman AM, Grove G (1989) Stratum corneum lipids in skin xerosis. Dermatologica 178:151–155
Sakai S, Endo Y, Ozawa N, Suguwara T, Kusaka A, Sayo T, Tagami H, Inoue S (2003) Characteristics of the epidermis and stratum corneum of hairless mice with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. J Invest Dermatol 120:79–85
Sato J, Denda D, Nakanishi J, Nomura J (1998) Cholesterol sulfate inhibits proteases that are involved in desquamation of stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 111:189A
Sato J, Denda D, Chang S, Elisa PM, Feingold KR (2002) Abrupt decreases in environmental humidity induce abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 119:900–904
Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Honigsmann H (2003) Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:352–328
Seki T, Morimatsu S, Nagahori H, Morohashi M (2003) Free residual chlorine in bathing water reduces the waterholding capacity of the stratum corneum in atopic skin. Dermatol 30:196–202
Schaefer L, Kragballe K (1991) Abnormalities in epidermal lipid metabolism in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 96:10–15
Schreiner V, Gooris GS, Pfeiffer S, Lanzendörfer G, Wenck H, Diembeck W, Proksch E, Bouwstra J (2000) Barrier characteristics of different human skin types investigated with x-ray diffraction, lipid analysis, and electron microscopy imaging. J Invest Dermatol 114:654–660
Schürer NY, Elias PM (1991) The biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. Adv Lipid Res 24:27–56
Schürer NY, Buck H, Schwanitz HJ, Lüttje D (2002) Hautbesonderheiten bei Hochbetagten. Geriatrie J 11:25–29
Simon M, Bernard D, Minondo AM, Camus C, Fiat F, Corcuff P, Schmidt R, Serre G (2001) Persistence of both peripheral and non-peripheral corneodesmosomes in the upper stratum corneum of winter xerosis skin versus only peripheral in normal skin. J Invest Dermatol 116: 23–30
Sondell B, Thornell L-E, Egelrud T (1995) Evidence that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is transported to the stratum corneum extracellular space via lamellar bodies. J Invest Dermatol 104:819A
Smith DR, Sheu HM, Hsieh FS, Lee YL, Chang SJ, Guo YL (2002) Prevalence of skin disease among nursing home patients in southern Taiwan. Int J Dermatol 41:754–759
Steinert PM (2000) The complexity and redundancy of epithelial barrier function. J Cell Biol 151:5–7
Stewart ME, Downing DT (2001) The ω-hydroxyceramides of pig epidermis are attached to corneocytes solely through ω-hydroxyl groups. J Lipid Res 42:1105–1110
Strumia R, Varotti E, Manzato E, Gualandi M (2001) Skin signs in anorexia nervosa. Dermatology 203:314–317
Suzuki Y, Nomura J, Koyama J, Takahishi M, Horii I (1994) Detection and characterization of endogenous protease associated with desquamation of stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol Res 285:372–377
Tagami H, Kobayashi H, Zhen X-S, Kikuchi K (2001) Environmental effects on the functions of the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 6:87–94
Tanno O, Ota Y, Kitamura N, Katsube T, Inoue S (2000) Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. Br J Dermatol 143:524–531
Tezuka T, Qing J, Saheki M, Kusuda S, Takahashi M (1994) Terminal differentiation of facial epidermis of the aged: immunohistochemical studies. Dermatology 188:21–24
Thiele JJ, Dreher F, Elsner P (2001) Antioxidant defense systems in skin. In: Elsner P, Maibach HI (eds) Cosmeceuticals. pp 145–188
Uter W, Gefeller O, Schwanitz H (1998) An epidemiological study of the influence of season (cold and dry air) on the occurrence of irritant skin changes of the hand. Br J Dermatol 138:266–267
Wertz PS, Madison KC, Downing DT (1989) Covalently bound lipids of human stratum corneum and from comedones. J Invest Dermatol 92:109–111
Wilhelm KP (1996) Prevention of surfactant-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol 25:78–85
Wertz PW, Cho ES, Downing DT (1983) Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the epidermal sphingolipids of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 753:350–355
Yoon HS, Baik SH, Oh CH (2002) Quantitative measurement of desquamation and skin elasticity in diabetic patients. Skin Res Technol 8:250–254
Zhen Y-X, Suetake T, Tagami H (1999) Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin in relationship to the anatomical location of the body, age, sex, and physical parameters. Arch Dermatol Res 291:555–559
Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, Chen W, Young M, Oeff M, Scherbaum WA, Orfanos CE, McCann SM, Bornstein SR (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone: an autocrine hormone that promotes lipogenesis in human sebocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:7148–7153
Zouboulis CC, Boschnakow A (2001) Chronological ageing and photoageing of the human sebaceous gland. Clin Exp Dermatol. 26:600–607
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schürer, N. (2006). Dry Skin. In: Ring, J., Przybilla, B., Ruzicka, T. (eds) Handbook of Atopic Eczema. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23133-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29856-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)