Skip to main content

Lung Cancer and Other Thoracic Malignancies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 666 Accesses

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

Abstract

Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy in the United States, and much research has been dedicated over the last many decades to improve patient outcomes. Smoking cessation education, lung cancer screening, improved diagnostic and functional imaging, improved surgical and radiation techniques, multimodality therapy, and targeted biologic and immunologic therapy have all lead to earlier detection of lung cancer and improved treatment resulting in improvements in overall survival. There are still many controversies that exist within each of these many aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. This chapter is dedicated to the controversies that exist in the management and treatment of all aspects of lung cancer with additional discussion of the controversies regarding thymoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • A Snapshot of Lung Cancer. Accessed on Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/snapshots/lung

  • Agolli L, Valeriani M, Carnevale A et al (2015) Role of salvage stereotactic body radiation therapy in post-surgical loco-regional recurrence in a selected population of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res 35:1783–1789

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamad A, Stevens CW, Smythe WR et al (2003) Promising early local control of malignant pleural mesothelioma following postoperative intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to the chest. Cancer J 9:476–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akaogi E, Ohara K, Mitsui K et al (1996) Preoperative radiotherapy and surgery for advanced thymoma with invasion to the great vessels. J Surg Oncol 63:17–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albain KS, Rusch VW, Crowley JJ et al (1995) Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA (N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: mature results of southwest oncology group phase II study 8805. J Clin Oncol 13:1880–1892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albain KS, Crowley JJ, Turrisi AT 3rd et al (2002) Concurrent cisplatin, etoposide, and chest radiotherapy in pathologic stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a southwest oncology group phase II study, SWOG 9019. J Clin Oncol 20:3454–3460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albain KS, Swann RS, Rusch VW et al (2009) Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with or without surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:379–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology – CALGB 30610/RTOG 0538 – Phase III Comparison of Thoracic Radiotherapy Regimens in Patients with Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer also Receiving Cisplatin or Carboplatin and Etoposide. Available at: https://www.ctsu.org/readfile.aspx?sectionid=12648&fname=protocolsALLIANCECALGB-30610/CALGB-30610-Protocol-Up11-20160324.pdf. Accessed on 13 Jun 2016

  • Amini A, Lin SH, Wei C et al (2012a) Accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy compared to conventionally fractionated radiation therapy for the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 7:33

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amini A, Correa AM, Komaki R et al (2012b) The role of consolidation therapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer with persistent N2 disease after induction chemotherapy. Ann Thorac Surg 94:914–920

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amini A, Yeh N, Gaspar LE et al (2014) Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for lung cancer patients previously treated with conventional radiotherapy: a review. Radiat Oncol 9:210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong BA, Perez CA, Simpson JR et al (1987) Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13:531–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP et al (1999) Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic cranial irradiation overview collaborative group. N Engl J Med 341:476–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auperin A, Le Pechoux C, Rolland E et al (2010) Meta-analysis of concomitant versus sequential radiochemotherapy in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:2181–2190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker R, Han G, Sarangkasiri S et al (2013) Clinical and dosimetric predictors of radiation pneumonitis in a large series of patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy to the lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:190–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ball D, Smith J, Bishop J et al (1997) A phase III study of radiotherapy with and without continuous-infusion fluorouracil as palliation for non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 75:690–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barriger RB, Forquer JA, Brabham JG et al (2012) A dose-volume analysis of radiation pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:457–462

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batirel HF, Metintas M, Caglar HB et al (2008) Trimodality treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 3:499–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann P, Nyman J, Hoyer M et al (2009) Outcome in a prospective phase II trial of medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol (Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol) 27:3290–3296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann M, Herrmann T, Koch R et al (2011) Final results of the randomized phase III CHARTWEL-trial (ARO 97-1) comparing hyperfractionated-accelerated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Radiother Oncol 100:76–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayman N, Ardron D, Ashcroft L et al (2016) Protocol for PIT: a phase III trial of prophylactic irradiation of tracts in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma following invasive chest wall intervention. BMJ Open 6:e010589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bezjak A, Dixon P, Brundage M et al (2002) Randomized phase III trial of single versus fractionated thoracic radiation in the palliation of patients with lung cancer (NCIC CTG SC.15). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54:719–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezjak A, Paulus R, Gaspar LE et al (2016) Primary study endpoint analysis for NRG oncology/RTOG 0813 trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally located non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 94:5–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birdas TJ, Koehler RP, Colonias A et al (2006) Sublobar resection with brachytherapy versus lobectomy for stage Ib nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 81:434–438; discussion 438–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissett D, Macbeth FR, Cram I (1991) The role of palliative radiotherapy in malignant mesothelioma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 3:315–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blomberg C, Nilsson J, Holgersson G et al (2015) Randomized trials of systemic medically-treated malignant mesothelioma: a systematic review. Anticancer Res 35:2493–2501

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogart JA, Herndon JE 2nd, Lyss AP et al (2004) 70 Gy thoracic radiotherapy is feasible concurrent with chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: analysis of cancer and leukemia group B study 39808. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59:460–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolukbas S, Manegold C, Eberlein M et al (2011) Survival after trimodality therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma: radical pleurectomy, chemotherapy with cisplatin/pemetrexed and radiotherapy. Lung Cancer 71:75–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Rey F, Viallat JR (1995) Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest 108:754–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Dehdashti F, Mintun MA et al (2004) Positron emission tomography in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 22:3248–3254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley J, Graham MV, Winter K et al (2005a) Toxicity and outcome results of RTOG 9311: a phase I-II dose-escalation study using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61:318–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Paulus R, Graham MV et al (2005b) Phase II trial of postoperative adjuvant paclitaxel/carboplatin and thoracic radiotherapy in resected stage II and IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer: promising long-term results of the radiation therapy oncology group–RTOG 9705. J Clin Oncol 23:3480–3487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Bae K, Graham MV et al (2010) Primary analysis of the phase II component of a phase I/II dose intensification study using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: RTOG 0117. J Clin Oncol 28:2475–2480

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Gao F, Parikh PJ et al (2015a) Prospective phase 2 clinical trial of radiation dose-escalated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally located lung cancer: an institutional trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:S101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Paulus R, Komaki R et al (2015b) Standard-dose versus high-dose conformal radiotherapy with concurrent and consolidation carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without cetuximab for patients with stage IIIA or IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (RTOG 0617): a randomised, two-by-two factorial phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 16:187–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bral S, Gevaert T, Linthout N et al (2011) Prospective, risk-adapted strategy of stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a phase II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80:1343–1349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao C, Tian D, Park J et al (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical treatments for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 83:240–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Spencer SA et al (2005) Pulmonary resection after high-dose and low-dose chest irradiation. Ann Thorac Surg 80:1224–1230; discussion 1230

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Jones VL et al (2009) Pulmonary resection after concurrent chemotherapy and high dose (60Gy) radiation for non-small cell lung cancer is safe and may provide increased survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 35:718–723; discussion 723

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance WW, Rice DC, Allen PK et al (2015) Hemithoracic intensity modulated radiation therapy after pleurectomy/decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma: toxicity, patterns of failure, and a matched survival analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 91:149–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang JY, Balter PA, Dong L et al (2008) Stereotactic body radiation therapy in centrally and superiorly located stage I or isolated recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72:967–971

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang JY, Senan S, Paul MA et al (2015) Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 16:630–637

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SE, Pace MB (2012) Malignant pleural mesothelioma. Am J Health Syst Pharm 69:377–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen A, Galloway M, Landreneau R et al (1999) Intraoperative 125I brachytherapy for high-risk stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44:1057–1063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Marx A, Chen WH et al (2002) New WHO histologic classification predicts prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 200 thymoma cases from China. Cancer 95:420–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Hayman JA, Ten Haken RK et al (2006) Long-term results of high-dose conformal radiotherapy for patients with medically inoperable T1-3 N0 non-small-cell lung cancer: is low incidence of regional failure due to incidental nodal irradiation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:120–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YD, Feng QF, Lu HZ et al (2010) Role of adjuvant radiotherapy for stage II thymoma after complete tumor resection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78:1400–1406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng S (2009) Superior vena cava syndrome: a contemporary review of a historic disease. Cardiol Rev 17:16–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi A, Liao Z, Nguyen NP et al (2011) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy after extrapleural pneumonectomy in the combined-modality treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 6:1132–1141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciernik IF, Meier U, Lutolf UM (1994) Prognostic factors and outcome of incompletely resected invasive thymoma following radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 12:1484–1490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colaco R, Sheikh H, Lorigan P et al (2012) Omitting elective nodal irradiation during thoracic irradiation in limited-stage small cell lung cancer--evidence from a phase II trial. Lung Cancer 76:72–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colonias A, Betler J, Trombetta M et al (2011) Mature follow-up for high-risk stage I non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated with sublobar resection and intraoperative iodine-125 brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79:105–109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corso CD, Rutter CE, Wilson LD et al (2015) Re-evaluation of the role of postoperative radiotherapy and the impact of radiation dose for non-small-cell lung cancer using the National Cancer Database. J Thorac Oncol 10:148–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran WJ Jr, Kornstein MJ, Brooks JJ et al (1988) Invasive thymoma: the role of mediastinal irradiation following complete or incomplete surgical resection. J Clin Oncol 6:1722–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran WJ Jr, Paulus R, Langer CJ et al (2011) Sequential vs. concurrent chemoradiation for stage III non-small cell lung cancer: randomized phase III trial RTOG 9410. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:1452–1460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daly ME, Perks JR, Chen AM (2013) Patterns-of-care for thoracic stereotactic body radiotherapy among practicing radiation oncologists in the United States. J Thorac Oncol 8:202–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dautzenberg B, Arriagada R, Chammard AB et al (1999) A controlled study of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with completely resected nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Groupe d’Etude et de Traitement des cancers Bronchiques. Cancer 86:265–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport D, Ferree C, Blake D et al (1978) Radiation therapy in the treatment of superior vena caval obstruction. Cancer 42:2600–2603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis SR, Tan L, Ball DL (1994) Radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura, with special reference to its use in palliation. Australas Radiol 38:212–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaf-Strukowska L, van der Zee J, van Putten W et al (1999) Factors influencing the outcome of radiotherapy in malignant mesothelioma of the pleura--a single-institution experience with 189 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43:511–516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Perrot M, Feld R, Cho BC et al (2009) Trimodality therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol 27:1413–1418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Perrot M, Feld R, Leighl NB et al (2016) Accelerated hemithoracic radiation followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 151:468–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Ruysscher D, Slotman B (2003) Treatment of intervention sites of malignant pleural mesothelioma with radiotherapy: a Dutch-Belgian survey. Radiother Oncol 68:299–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Ruysscher D, Bremer RH, Koppe F et al (2006) Omission of elective node irradiation on basis of CT-scans in patients with limited disease small cell lung cancer: a phase II trial. Radiother Oncol 80:307–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Ruysscher D, Faivre-Finn C, Le Pechoux C et al (2014) High-dose re-irradiation following radical radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 15:e620–e624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deppen S, Putnam JB, Jr., Andrade G et al (2011) Accuracy of FDG-PET to diagnose lung cancer in a region of endemic granulomatous disease. Ann Thorac Surg 92:428–432; discussion 433

    Google Scholar 

  • Detterbeck FC, Parsons AM (2004) Thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 77:1860–1869

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detterbeck FC, Nicholson AG, Kondo K et al (2011) The Masaoka-Koga stage classification for thymic malignancies: clarification and definition of terms. J Thorac Oncol 6:S1710–S1716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillman RO, Seagren SL, Propert KJ et al (1990) A randomized trial of induction chemotherapy plus high-dose radiation versus radiation alone in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 323:940–945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillman RO, Herndon J, Seagren SL et al (1996) Improved survival in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: seven-year follow-up of cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1210–1215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dosoretz DE, Katin MJ, Blitzer PH et al (1992) Radiation therapy in the management of medically inoperable carcinoma of the lung: results and implications for future treatment strategies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24:3–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M et al (2008) Impact of postoperative radiation therapy on survival in patients with complete resection and stage I, II, or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: the adjuvant Navelbine international Trialist association (ANITA) randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72:695–701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap NE, Cai J, Biedermann GB et al (2010) Chest wall volume receiving >30 Gy predicts risk of severe pain and/or rib fracture after lung stereotactic body radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:796–801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton BR, Kim S, Marcus DM et al (2013) Effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation on survival in elderly patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer 119:3753–3760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Effects of postoperative mediastinal radiation on completely resected stage II and stage III epidermoid cancer of the lung. The Lung Cancer Study Group (1986) N Engl J Med 315:1377–1381

    Google Scholar 

  • Egelmeers A, Goor C, van Meerbeeck J et al (1996) Palliative effectiveness of radiation therapy in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. Bull Cancer Radiother 83:153–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Hossieny HA, Aboulkasem F, Abdel RM (2010) Analysis of the effect of radiotherapy on malignant pleural mesothelioma when given on adjuvant or palliative basis. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 13:54–59

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Engels EA (2010) Epidemiology of thymoma and associated malignancies. J Thorac Oncol 5:S260–S265

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM (2003) Malignant thymoma in the United States: demographic patterns in incidence and associations with subsequent malignancies. Int J Cancer 105:546–551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erridge SC, Gaze MN, Price A et al (2005) Symptom control and quality of life in people with lung cancer: a randomised trial of two palliative radiotherapy fractionation schedules. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 17:61–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild A, Harris K, Barnes E et al (2008) Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 26:4001–4011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faivre-Finn C, Falk S, Ashcroft L et al (2016a) Protocol for the CONVERT trial-Concurrent ONce-daily VErsus twice-daily RadioTherapy: an international 2-arm randomised controlled trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy comparing twice-daily and once-daily radiotherapy schedules in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) and good performance status. BMJ Open 6:e009849

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faivre-Finn C, Snee M, Ashcroft L et al (2016b) CONVERT: An international randomised trial of concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (cCTRT) comparing twice-daily (BD) and once-daily (OD) radiotherapy schedules in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) and good performance status (PS). J Clin Oncol 34:(suppl; abstr 8504)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT et al (2009) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:677–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng QF, Wang M, Wang LJ et al (2000) A study of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47:925–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng M, Kong FM, Gross M et al (2009) Using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to assess tumor volume during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer and its potential impact on adaptive dose escalation and normal tissue sparing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73:1228–1234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernando HC, Landreneau RJ, Mandrekar SJ et al (2014) Impact of brachytherapy on local recurrence rates after sublobar resection: results from ACOSOG Z4032 (alliance), a phase III randomized trial for high-risk operable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 32:2456–2462

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Filosso PL, Galassi C, Ruffini E et al (2013) Thymoma and the increased risk of developing extrathymic malignancies: a multicentre study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 44:219–224; discussion 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Filosso PL, Evangelista A, Ruffini E et al (2015) Does myasthenia gravis influence overall survival and cumulative incidence of recurrence in thymoma patients? A retrospective clinicopathological multicentre analysis on 797 patients. Lung Cancer 88:338–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flores RM, Krug LM, Rosenzweig KE et al (2006) Induction chemotherapy, extrapleural pneumonectomy, and postoperative high-dose radiotherapy for locally advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma: a phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol 1:289–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flores RM, Riedel E, Donington JS et al (2010) Frequency of use and predictors of cancer-directed surgery in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma in a community-based (surveillance, epidemiology, and end results [SEER]) population. J Thorac Oncol 5:1649–1654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forquer JA, Fakiris AJ, Timmerman RD et al (2009) Brachial plexopathy from stereotactic body radiotherapy in early-stage NSCLC: dose-limiting toxicity in apical tumor sites. Radiother Oncol 93:408–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedberg JS (2013) The state of the art in the technical performance of lung-sparing operations for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 25:125–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giaccone G, Dalesio O, McVie GJ et al (1993) Maintenance chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: long-term results of a randomized trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer lung cancer cooperative group. J Clin Oncol 11:1230–1240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV (1995) Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer study group. Ann Thorac Surg 60:615–622; discussion 622–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez D, Komaki R (2010) Technical advances of radiation therapy for thymic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol 5:S336–S343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez D, Komaki R, Yu J et al (2011) Radiation therapy definitions and reporting guidelines for thymic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol 6:S1743–S1748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez DR, Cox JD, Roth JA et al (2012) A prospective phase 2 study of surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation for superior sulcus tumors. Cancer 118:444–451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez DR, Gillin M, Liao Z et al (2013a) Phase 1 study of dose escalation in hypofractionated proton beam therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86:665–670

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez DR, Hong DS, Allen PK et al (2013b) Patterns of failure, toxicity, and survival after extrapleural pneumonectomy and hemithoracic intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 8:238–245

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gore EM, Hu C, Sun A et al (2016) NRG oncology/RTOG 0937: randomized phase 2 study comparing prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) alone to PCI and consolidative extracranial irradiation for extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 94:5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould MK, Maclean CC, Kuschner WG et al (2001) Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA 285:914–924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR et al (2013) Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 143:e93S–120S

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Griffioen GH, Dahele M, de Haan PF et al (2014) High-dose, conventionally fractionated thoracic reirradiation for lung tumors. Lung Cancer 83:356–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grills IS, Mangona VS, Welsh R et al (2010) Outcomes after stereotactic lung radiotherapy or wedge resection for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:928–935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Group PM-aT (2005) Postoperative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD002142

    Google Scholar 

  • Haasbeek CJ, Lagerwaard FJ, Slotman BJ et al (2011) Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 6:2036–2043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamaji M, Chen F, Matsuo Y et al (2015) Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 99:1122–1129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han TJ, Kim HJ, Wu HG et al (2012) Comparison of treatment outcomes between involved-field and elective nodal irradiation in limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42:948–954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haniuda M, Miyazawa M, Yoshida K et al (1996) Is postoperative radiotherapy for thymoma effective? Ann Surg 224:219–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harada H, Fuji H, Ono A et al (2016) Dose escalation study of proton beam therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 107(7):1018–1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harders SW, Madsen HH, Rasmussen TR et al (2011) High resolution spiral CT for determining the malignant potential of solitary pulmonary nodules: refining and testing the test. Acta Radiol 52:401–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harkenrider MM, Bertke MH, Dunlap NE (2014) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for unbiopsied early-stage lung cancer: a multi-institutional analysis. Am J Clin Oncol 37:337–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasani A, Alvarez JM, Wyatt JM et al (2009) Outcome for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma referred for trimodality therapy in Western Australia. J Thorac Oncol 4:1010–1016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn JW, Videtic GM, Djemil T et al (2014) Salvage stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for local failure after primary lung SBRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:402–406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herndon JE, Green MR, Chahinian AP et al (1998) Factors predictive of survival among 337 patients with mesothelioma treated between 1984 and 1994 by the cancer and leukemia group B. Chest 113:723–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe BS, Flampouri S, Henderson RH et al (2012) Proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: technique and early results. Clin Lung Cancer 13:352–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe BS, Henderson R, Pham D et al (2016) A phase 2 trial of concurrent chemotherapy and proton therapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer: results and reflections following early closure of a single-institution study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 95:517–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu HC, Huang EY, Wang CJ et al (2002) Postoperative radiotherapy in thymic carcinoma: treatment results and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:801–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Bao Y, Zhang L et al (2012) Omitting elective nodal irradiation and irradiating postinduction versus preinduction chemotherapy tumor extent for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: interim analysis of a prospective randomized noninferiority trial. Cancer 118:278–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihde DC, Mulshine JL, Kramer BS et al (1994) Prospective randomized comparison of high-dose and standard-dose etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 12:2022–2034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins P, Milliner R, Salmon C (2011) Re-evaluating the role of palliative radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Eur J Cancer 47:2143–2149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Nikolic N et al (1999a) Role of radiation therapy in the combined-modality treatment of patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol 17:2092–2099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Milicic B et al (1999b) External beam radiation therapy alone for loco-regional recurrence of non-small-cell lung cancer after complete resection. Lung Cancer 23:135–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagami Y, Nishio M, Narimatsu N et al (1998) Radiotherapy for locoregional recurrent tumors after resection of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 20:31–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaskowitz L, Graham MV, Emami B et al (1993) Radiation therapy alone for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27:517–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RJ, Sharon E, Hassan R (2011) Chemotherapy and targeted therapies for unresectable malignant mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 73:256–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim E, Thomas CR Jr (2015) Conditional survival of malignant thymoma using national population-based surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry (1973–2011). J Thorac Oncol 10:701–707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim ES, Putnam JB, Komaki R et al (2004) Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and consolidation chemotherapy for unresectable malignant thymomas: final report. Lung Cancer 44:369–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koga K, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M et al (1994) A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma. Pathol Int 44:359–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Gomez DR (2014) Radiotherapy for thymic carcinoma: adjuvant, inductive, and definitive. Front Oncol 3:330

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Scott CB, Sause WT et al (1997) Induction cisplatin/vinblastine and irradiation vs. irradiation in unresectable squamous cell lung cancer: failure patterns by cell type in RTOG 88-08/ECOG 4588. Radiation therapy oncology group. Eastern cooperative oncology group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39:537–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Paulus R, Ettinger DS et al (2012) Phase II study of accelerated high-dose radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with limited small-cell lung cancer: radiation therapy oncology group protocol 0239. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:e531–e536

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Khalid N, Langer CJ et al (2013) Penetration of recommended procedures for lung cancer staging and management in the United States over 10 years: a quality research in radiation oncology survey. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:1082–1089

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo K, Monden Y (2003) Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg 76:878–884; discussion 884–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondola S, Manners D, Nowak AK (2016) Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update on diagnosis and treatment options. Ther Adv Respir Dis 10(3):275–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kong FM, Hayman JA, Griffith KA et al (2006) Final toxicity results of a radiation-dose escalation study in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): predictors for radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:1075–1086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong FM, Frey KA, Quint LE et al (2007) A pilot study of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans during and after radiation-based therapy in patients with non small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 25:3116–3123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshy M, Fedewa SA, Malik R et al (2013) Improved survival associated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with clinical stage IIIA(N2) non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 8:915–922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshy M, Malik R, Weichselbaum RR et al (2015) Increasing radiation therapy dose is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 91:344–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer GW, Wanders SL, Noordijk EM et al (2005) Results of the Dutch national study of the palliative effect of irradiation using two different treatment schemes for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:2962–2970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krug LM, Pass HI, Rusch VW et al (2009) Multicenter phase II trial of neoadjuvant pemetrexed plus cisplatin followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol 27:3007–3013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kundapur V, Ellchuk T, Ahmed S et al (2015) Risk of hippocampal metastases in small cell lung cancer patients at presentation and after cranial irradiation: a safety profile study for hippocampal sparing during prophylactic or therapeutic cranial irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 91:781–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupelian PA, Komaki R, Allen P (1996) Prognostic factors in the treatment of node-negative nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36:607–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerwaard FJ, Verstegen NE, Haasbeek CJ et al (2012) Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with potentially operable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:348–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Pechoux C, Dunant A, Pignon JP et al (2007) Need for a new trial to evaluate adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with N2 mediastinal involvement. J Clin Oncol 25:e10–e11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Pechoux C, Dunant A, Senan S et al (2009) Standard-dose versus higher-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in complete remission after chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy (PCI 99-01, EORTC 22003-08004, RTOG 0212, and IFCT 99-01): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 10:467–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HC, Kim YS, Oh SJ et al (2014) The single institutional outcome of postoperative radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol J 32:147–155

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Gu Z, Yang F et al (2016) The role of postoperative radiotherapy for stage I/II/III thymic tumor-results of the ChART retrospective database. J Thorac Dis 8:687–695

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lonardi F, Gioga G, Agus G et al (2002) Double-flash, large-fraction radiation therapy as palliative treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome in the elderly. Support Care Cancer 10:156–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louie AV, Senan S, Patel P et al (2014) When is a biopsy-proven diagnosis necessary before stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for lung cancer?: a decision analysis. Chest 146:1021–1028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low EM, Khoury GG, Matthews AW et al (1995) Prevention of tumour seeding following thoracoscopy in mesothelioma by prophylactic radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 7:317–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucchi M, Ambrogi MC, Duranti L et al (2005) Advanced stage thymomas and thymic carcinomas: results of multimodality treatments. Ann Thorac Surg 79:1840–1844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma JT, Zheng JH, Han CB et al (2014) Meta-analysis comparing higher and lower dose radiotherapy for palliation in locally advanced lung cancer. Cancer Sci 105:1015–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Machtay M, Lee JH, Stevenson JP et al (2004) Two commonly used neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced stage III non-small cell lung carcinoma: long-term results and associations with pathologic response. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127:108–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macleod N, Price A, O’Rourke N et al (2014) Radiotherapy for the treatment of pain in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a systematic review. Lung Cancer 83:133–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mangona VS, Aneese AM, Marina O et al (2015) Toxicity after central versus peripheral lung stereotactic body radiation therapy: a propensity score matched-pair analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 91:124–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao Y, Wu S (2015) Treatment and survival analyses of completely resected thymic carcinoma patients. Onco Targets Ther 8:2503–2507

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martini N, Bains MS, Burt ME et al (1995) Incidence of local recurrence and second primary tumors in resected stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:120–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K et al (1981) Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer 48:2485–2492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo Y, Shibuya K, Nakamura M et al (2012) Dose–volume metrics associated with radiation pneumonitis after stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:e545–e549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis D, Papadakis E, Veslemes M et al (2001) A multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing paclitaxel-cisplatin-etoposide versus cisplatin-etoposide as first-line treatment in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 12:463–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer R, Smolle-Juettner FM, Szolar D et al (1997) Postoperative radiotherapy in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 112:954–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAleer MF, Tsao AS, Liao Z (2009) Radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:326–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minatel E, Trovo M, Bearz A et al (2015) Radical radiation therapy after lung-sparing surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma: survival, pattern of failure, and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:606–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moghanaki D, Chang JY (2016) Is surgery still the optimal treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer? Transl Lung Cancer Res 5:183–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y et al (2005) Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48 Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:1427–1431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Shibata T et al (2015) Prospective trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for both operable and inoperable T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer: Japan clinical oncology group study JCOG0403. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:989–996

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Lung Screening Trial Research T, Aberle DR, Adams AM et al (2011) Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 365:395–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen QN, Ly NB, Komaki R et al (2015) Long-term outcomes after proton therapy, with concurrent chemotherapy, for stage II-III inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 115:367–372

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson AA, Ettles DF, Arnold A et al (1997) Treatment of malignant superior vena cava obstruction: metal stents or radiation therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 8:781–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NRG-CC003: A Randomized Phase II/III Trial of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation with or without Hippocampal Avoidance for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available at: https://www.nrgoncology.org/Clinical-Trials/NRG-CC003. Accessed on 13 Jun 2016

  • O’Rourke N, Garcia JC, Paul J et al (2007) A randomised controlled trial of intervention site radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Radiother Oncol 84:18–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa K, Toita T, Uno T et al (2002) Treatment and prognosis of thymic carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 40 cases. Cancer 94:3115–3119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okami J, Nishiyama K, Fujiwara A et al (2013) Radiotherapy for postoperative thoracic lymph node recurrence of non-small-cell lung cancer provides better outcomes if the disease is asymptomatic and a single-station involvement. J Thorac Oncol 8:1417–1424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onishi H, Araki T, Shirato H et al (2004) Stereotactic hypofractionated high-dose irradiation for stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: clinical outcomes in 245 subjects in a Japanese multiinstitutional study. Cancer 101:1623–1631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y et al (2007) Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HypoFXSRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: updated results of 257 patients in a Japanese multi-institutional study. J Thorac Oncol 2:S94–S100

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshiro Y, Mizumoto M, Okumura T et al (2012) Results of proton beam therapy without concurrent chemotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 7:370–375

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagan V, Ceron L, Paccagnella A et al (2006) 5-year prospective results of trimodality treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Cardiovasc Surg 47:595–601

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palma DA, Warner A, Louie AV et al (2015) Thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer 17(4):239–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel PR, Yoo S, Broadwater G et al (2012) Effect of increasing experience on dosimetric and clinical outcomes in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma with intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:362–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez CA, Stanley K, Rubin P et al (1980) Patterns of tumor recurrence after definitive irradiation for inoperable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6:987–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry MC, Eaton WL, Propert KJ et al (1987) Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 316:912–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC et al (1992) A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 327:1618–1624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pless M, Stupp R, Ris HB et al (2015) Induction chemoradiation in stage IIIA/N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet 386:1049–1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomised controlled trials. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group (1998) Lancet 352:257–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Price B, Ware A (2009) Time trend of mesothelioma incidence in the United States and projection of future cases: an update based on SEER data for 1973 through 2005. Crit Rev Toxicol 39:576–588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao X, Tullgren O, Lax I et al (2003) The role of radiotherapy in treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 41:1–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quintanilla-Martinez L, Wilkins EW Jr, Choi N et al (1994) Thymoma. Histologic subclassification is an independent prognostic factor. Cancer 74:606–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy in the treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party (1979) Br J Cancer 40:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy in the treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the lung: the results at 36 months. 2nd report to the Medical Research Council on the 2nd small-cell study (1981) Br J Cancer 44:611–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray M, Kindler HL (2009) Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update on biomarkers and treatment. Chest 136:888–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rea F, Marulli G, Bortolotti L et al (2007) Induction chemotherapy, extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and adjuvant hemi-thoracic radiation in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM): feasibility and results. Lung Cancer 57:89–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regnard JF, Magdeleinat P, Dromer C et al (1996) Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112:376–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinfuss M, Mucha-Malecka A, Walasek T et al (2011) Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. An analysis of 1250 patients. Palliation of symptoms, tolerance and toxicity. Lung Cancer 71:344–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rena O, Casadio C (2012) Extrapleural pneumonectomy for early stage malignant pleural mesothelioma: a harmful procedure. Lung Cancer 77:151–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reveiz L, Rueda JR, Cardona AF (2012) Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD004284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricardi U, Filippi AR, Guarneri A et al (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: results of a prospective trial. Lung Cancer 68:72–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW (2006) The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:37–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice D, Rusch V, Pass H et al (2011) Recommendations for uniform definitions of surgical techniques for malignant pleural mesothelioma: a consensus report of the international association for the study of lung cancer international staging committee and the international mesothelioma interest group. J Thorac Oncol 6:1304–1312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BW, Musk AW, Lake RA (2005) Malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 366:397–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues G, Videtic GM, Sur R et al (2011) Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in lung cancer: an American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 1:60–71

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues G, Macbeth F, Burmeister B et al (2012a) International practice survey on palliative lung radiotherapy: third international consensus workshop on palliative radiotherapy and symptom control. Clin Lung Cancer 13:225–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues G, Macbeth F, Burmeister B et al (2012b) Consensus statement on palliative lung radiotherapy: third international consensus workshop on palliative radiotherapy and symptom control. Clin Lung Cancer 13:1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez PF (2015) Diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Arch Bronconeumol 51:177–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig KE, Zauderer MG, Laser B et al (2012) Pleural intensity-modulated radiotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:1278–1283

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig KE, Chang JY, Chetty IJ et al (2013) ACR appropriateness criteria nonsurgical treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer: poor performance status or palliative intent. J Am Coll Radiol 10:654–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell NP, Gleeson FV (2001) Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD001316

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusch VW, Rosenzweig K, Venkatraman E et al (2001) A phase II trial of surgical resection and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:788–795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch VW, Giroux DJ, Kraut MJ et al (2007) Induction chemoradiation and surgical resection for superior sulcus non-small-cell lung carcinomas: long-term results of southwest oncology group trial 9416 (intergroup trial 0160). J Clin Oncol 25:313–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos R, Colonias A, Parda D, et al. (2003) Comparison between sublobar resection and 125Iodine brachytherapy after sublobar resection in high-risk patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Surgery 134:691–697; discussion 697

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A et al (1999) Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: mature data from the randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering committee. Radiother Oncol 52:137–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sause WT, Scott C, Taylor S et al (1995) Radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) 88-08 and eastern cooperative oncology group (ECOG) 4588: preliminary results of a phase III trial in regionally advanced, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:198–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sause W, Kolesar P, Taylor SI et al (2000) Final results of phase III trial in regionally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer: radiation therapy oncology group, eastern cooperative oncology group, and southwest oncology group. Chest 117:358–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter MM (1954) The superior vena cava syndrome. Am J Med Sci 227:46–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scorsetti M, Leo F, Trama A et al (2016) Thymoma and thymic carcinomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 99:332–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SEER Cancer Statistics Factsheets: Lung and Bronchus Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html

  • Seto T, Takahashi T, Yamanaka T et al (2014) Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has a detrimental effect on the overall survival (OS) of patients (pts) with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC): Results of a Japanese randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 32:(suppl; abstr 7503)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sher DJ, Fidler MJ, Seder CW et al (2015) Relationship between radiation therapy dose and outcome in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and surgery for stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based, comparative effectiveness analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 92:307–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shumway D, Corbin K, Salgia R et al (2011) Pathologic response rates following definitive dose image-guided chemoradiotherapy and resection for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 74:446–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley GS, Jamieson TA, Marks LB et al (1998) Radiotherapy alone for medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: the Duke experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40:149–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skowronek J (2015) Brachytherapy in the treatment of lung cancer – a valuable solution. J Contemp Brachytherapy 7:297–311

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Slotman B, van Tinteren H (2015) Which patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer should and should not receive thoracic radiotherapy? Transl Lung Cancer Res 4:292–294

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G et al (2007) Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 357:664–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slotman BJ, Mauer ME, Bottomley A et al (2009) Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: short-term health-related quality of life and patient reported symptoms: results of an international phase III randomized controlled trial by the EORTC radiation oncology and lung cancer groups. J Clin Oncol 27:78–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO et al (2015) Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:36–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Socinski MA, Blackstock AW, Bogart JA et al (2008) Randomized phase II trial of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemotherapy and dose-escalated thoracic conformal radiotherapy (74 Gy) in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: CALGB 30105. J Clin Oncol 26:2457–2463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sofue K, Takeuchi Y, Arai Y et al (2013) Life-threatening cerebral edema caused by acute occlusion of a superior vena cava stent. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 36:272–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonett JR, Suntharalingam M, Edelman MJ, et al. (2004) Pulmonary resection after curative intent radiotherapy (>59 Gy) and concurrent chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 78:1200–1205; discussion 1206

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoelstra FO, Senan S, Le Pechoux C et al (2010) Variations in target volume definition for postoperative radiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of an international contouring study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:1106–1113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stang K, Alite F, Small C et al (2015) Novel predictors of esophageal toxicity with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for central lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:E432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephans KL, Djemil T, Reddy CA et al (2009) A comparison of two stereotactic body radiation fractionation schedules for medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer: the Cleveland Clinic experience. J Thorac Oncol 4:976–982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephans KL, Djemil T, Diaconu C et al (2014) Esophageal dose tolerance to hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy: risk factors for late toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:197–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens RJ, Girling DJ, Bleehen NM et al (1996) The role of post-operative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre randomised trial in patients with pathologically staged T1-2, N1-2, M0 disease. Medical Research Council lung cancer working party. Br J Cancer 74:632–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens R, Macbeth F, Toy E et al (2015) Palliative radiotherapy regimens for patients with thoracic symptoms from non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straka C, Ying J, Kong FM et al (2016) Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. Springerplus 5:229

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swanick CW, Lin SH, Sutton J et al (2015) Use of simultaneous radiation boost achieves high control rates in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who are not candidates for surgery or conventional chemoradiation. Clin Lung Cancer 16:156–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swensen SJ, Silverstein MD, Ilstrup DM et al (1997) The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules. Arch Intern Med 157:849–855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tada T, Fukuda H, Nakagawa K et al (2005) Non-small cell lung cancer: radiation therapy for locoregional recurrence after complete resection. Int J Clin Oncol 10:425–428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taioli E, Wolf AS, Camacho-Rivera M et al (2014) Women with malignant pleural mesothelioma have a threefold better survival rate than men. Ann Thorac Surg 98:1020–1024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taioli E, Wolf AS, Camacho-Rivera M et al (2015) Determinants of survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) study of 14,228 patients. PLoS One 10:e0145039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda A, Kunieda E, Sanuki N et al (2012) Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for solitary pulmonary nodules clinically diagnosed as lung cancer with no pathological confirmation: comparison with non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 77:77–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda A, Sanuki N, Eriguchi T et al (2013) Salvage stereotactic ablative irradiation for isolated postsurgical local recurrence of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 96:1776–1782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tetar S, Dahele M, Griffioen G et al (2015) High-dose conventional thoracic re-irradiation for lung cancer: updated results. Lung Cancer 88:235–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thieke C, Nicolay NH, Sterzing F et al (2015) Long-term results in malignant pleural mesothelioma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, extrapleural pneumonectomy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 10:267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C et al (2006) Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol (Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol) 24:4833–4839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J et al (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA 303:1070–1076

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman R, Paulus R, Pass HI et al (2013) RTOG 0618: stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to treat operable early-stage lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 31(suppl):abstr 7523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman RD, Hu C, Michalski J et al (2014) Long-term results of RTOG 0236: a phase II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of patients with medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:S30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toker A, Sonett J, Zielinski M et al (2011) Standard terms, definitions, and policies for minimally invasive resection of thymoma. J Thorac Oncol 6:S1739–S1742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonoli S, Vitali P, Scotti V et al (2011) Adjuvant radiotherapy after extrapleural pneumonectomy for mesothelioma. Prospective analysis of a multi-institutional series. Radiother Oncol 101:311–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R et al (1999) Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 340:265–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A et al (2001) Computed tomography-guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:666–670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Houtte P, Rocmans P, Smets P et al (1980) Postoperative radiation therapy in lung caner: a controlled trial after resection of curative design. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6:983–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Loon J, De Ruysscher D, Wanders R et al (2010) Selective nodal irradiation on basis of (18)FDG-PET scans in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:329–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Meerbeeck JP, Scherpereel A, Surmont VF et al (2011) Malignant pleural mesothelioma: the standard of care and challenges for future management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 78:92–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Zandwijk N, Clarke C, Henderson D et al (2013) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Dis 5:E254–E307

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vansteenkiste J, De Ruysscher D, Eberhardt WE et al (2013) Early and locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 24(Suppl 6):vi89–vi98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venuta F, Rendina EA, Pescarmona EO, et al. (1997) Multimodality treatment of thymoma: a prospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 64:1585–1591; discussion 1591–1582

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstegen NE, Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ et al (2011) Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy following a clinical diagnosis of stage I NSCLC: comparison with a contemporaneous cohort with pathologically proven disease. Radiother Oncol(J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol) 101:250–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Videtic GM, Hu C, Singh AK et al (2015) A randomized phase 2 study comparing 2 stereotactic body radiation therapy schedules for medically inoperable patients with stage I peripheral non-small cell lung cancer: NRG oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:757–764

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel J, Berman AT, Lin L et al (2016) Prospective study of proton beam radiation therapy for adjuvant and definitive treatment of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: early response and toxicity assessment. Radiother Oncol 118:504–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J et al (2003) Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol 21:2636–2644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Correa CR, Zhao L et al (2009) The effect of radiation dose and chemotherapy on overall survival in 237 patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73:1383–1390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang EH, Corso CD, Rutter CE et al (2015) Postoperative radiation therapy is associated with improved overall survival in incompletely resected stage II and III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 33:2727–2734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh JS, Wilkins KB, Green R et al (2000) Association between thymoma and second neoplasms. JAMA 283:1142–1143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J (2007) Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med 356:1862–1869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yajnik S, Rosenzweig KE, Mychalczak B et al (2003) Hemithoracic radiation after extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:1319–1326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yano T, Hara N, Ichinose Y et al (1993) Treatment and prognosis of primary thymic carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 52:255–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yano T, Okamoto T, Fukuyama S et al (2014) Therapeutic strategy for postoperative recurrence in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 5:1048–1054

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JB, Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC (2008) Superior vena cava syndrome–a proposed classification system and algorithm for management. J Thorac Oncol 3:811–814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zalcman G, Mazieres J, Margery J et al (2016) Bevacizumab for newly diagnosed pleural mesothelioma in the mesothelioma Avastin cisplatin pemetrexed study (MAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 387:1405–1414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Lu N, Wang M et al (1999) Postoperative radiotherapy for stage I thymoma: a prospective randomized trial in 29 cases. Chin Med J 112:136–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Wu X, Wu L et al (2015) Advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ann Transl Med 3:182

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, Schipper M, Kidwell K et al (2014) Survival outcome after stereotactic body radiation therapy and surgery for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:603–611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M, Li T, Liu Y et al (2015) Concurrent paclitaxel-based chemo-radiotherapy for post-surgical microscopic residual tumor at the bronchial margin (R1 resection) in non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 15:36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou D, Deng XF, Liu QX et al (2016) The effectiveness of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with completely resected thymoma: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 101:305–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zierhut D, Bettscheider C, Schubert K et al (2001) Radiation therapy of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 34(Suppl 3):S39–S43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew M. Harkenrider MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harkenrider, M.M., Silva, S.R., Decker, R.H. (2017). Lung Cancer and Other Thoracic Malignancies. In: Lo, S., Teh, B., Jiang, GL., Mayr, N. (eds) Controversies in Radiation Oncology. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2017_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2017_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51194-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51196-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics