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Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications

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Polyelectrolyte Complexes in the Dispersed and Solid State II

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 256))

Abstract

This review concentrates on the interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and on the formation of complexes, which can be used for different applications such as paper retention or water treatment. Three different possibilities for the appearance of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in flocculation applications are described. Starting with the “classical” dual system (step-by-step addition of polycation and polyanion to a negatively charged suspension of fibers or particles), the interaction between a “soluble polyanion” (such as anionic trash) with polycation is described as well as the formation of well-defined pre-mixed PECs and their application as flocculants.

The influence of several parameters related to the characteristics of the solid materials (e.g., charge, particle size), the polyelectrolyte (e.g., type of charge, charge density, molar mass, hydrophobicity) and the flocculation regime (e.g., order of addition, pH, ionic strength) are discussed.

Research in this area shows great potential. Over the past 30 years, dual systems have been applied mainly in the paper industry. The application of PECs, described as particle-forming flocculants, provides new possibilities in solid–liquid separation processes. For an effective system, the application parameters have to be optimized (e.g. polymer type, concentration, charge, molecular weight). Therefore, direct and efficient methods for the characterization of the flocculation behavior (sedimentation velocity, packing density of the sludge, particle size distribution) are necessary and will be described.

Finally, the most advanced applications for PECs are discussed.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

CD:

Charge density

CMC:

Carboxymethylcellulose

cmc:

Critical micelle concentration

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CPR:

Carboxylated phenolic resin

DCS:

Dissolved colloidal substances

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DMAPAA:

N,N-Dimethylaminopropylacrylamide

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GPE:

Short-chained guest PEL

HA:

Humic acid

HCS:

Highly cationic starches

HMW:

High molecular weight

HPE:

Long-chained host PEL

LCST:

Lower critical solution temperature

LMW:

Low molecular weight

MMW:

Medium molecular weight

NaPA:

Poly(sodium acrylate)

NaPAMPS:

Poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate)

NaPSS:

Poly(styrene-p-sodium sulfonate-sodium salt)

NIPEC:

Nonstoichiometric interpolyelectrolyte complex dispersion

NPEC:

Nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex

OM-PEI:

Oligo-maltose-modified PEI

P(MSP):

Poly(maleic acid-co-propylene)

P(MS-α-MeSty):

Poly(maleic acid-co-α-methylstyrene)

PA:

Polyanion

PAA:

Poly(acrylamide)

PAC:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PAE:

Polyamideamine epichlorohydrine condensate

PAMPS:

Poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate)

PC:

Polycation

PC/D/PA:

Polycation/dye/polyanion complexes

PCA5:

Polycations containing N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylene ammonium chloride

PCA5D1:

Polycations containing N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylene ammonium chloride with different hydrophobic units

PDADMAC:

Poly(N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium chloride)

PEC:

Polyelectrolyte complex

PEI:

Poly(ethyleneimine)

PEL:

Polyelectrolytes

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PI:

Polydispersity index

PMADAMBQ:

Copolymer of N-methacryloyloxyethyl–N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium chloride

PNIAA:

Poly(isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)

PNIPAAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PNVCL:

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)

PPEI:

Phosphonomethylated derivative of PEI

PR2540:

Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate)

PSC:

Polyelectrolyte–surfactant complex

PSS:

Poly(styrene sulfonate)

PTMMAC:

Poly[NNN-trimethyl-N-(2-methacryloxyethyl) ammonium chloride]

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Quartolan:

Dodecyl-amidoethyl-dimethylbencyl-ammonium chloride

SDS:

Sodium dodecylsulfate

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

TC:

Trash content

TOC:

Total organic carbon content

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Polycation:
Polyanion:
Negatively charged particle:
Polyelectrolyte complex:
Micelle:
Negatively charged waste:
Surfactant:
Star-like polymer:

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to many long-term collaborators and colleagues, especially to Dr. Stela Dragan and her group (Institute Petru Poni, Iasi, Romania) and to Dr. Svetlana Bratskaya (Far East Department of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vladivostok, Russia). The investigations with tailored polymers, especially hydrophobic PCs, were undertaken in collaboration with Prof. Laschewsky and his group (Fraunhofer IAP Golm, Germany). Above all, we would like to thank our unforgettable colleague and friend Dr. Werner Jaeger.

Financial support from the BMBF and AiF is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Gudrun Petzold & Simona Schwarz

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  1. Gudrun Petzold
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  2. Simona Schwarz
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Correspondence to Simona Schwarz .

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  1. Department of Polyelectrolytes and Dispersions, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Martin Müller

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Petzold, G., Schwarz, S. (2013). Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications. In: Müller, M. (eds) Polyelectrolyte Complexes in the Dispersed and Solid State II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 256. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2012_205

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