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Polymer Nanocomposites for Electro-Optics: Perspectives on Processing Technologies, Material Characterization, and Future Application

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Polymer Characterization

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 230))

Abstract

This review concentrates on semiconductors and carbon nanotubes as the inorganic component of organic–inorganic nanomaterials. One of the cornerstones of the current push towards future improvements in electronics and in optics technology is the decrease in size of the various components used for device manufacture. This paper discusses the character of nanocomposites for optics and electronics, their preparation, and the properties of semiconductor nanoparticles such as ZnS, ZnO, ZnS:Mn, TiO2, CdSe, and CdS. Research in this area has shown the great potential advantages of novel materials composed of semiconductor nanocrystals and a polymer matrix. A short characterization of the nature of carbon-based materials (i.e., fullerenes and nanotubes) is given to provide a brief review of these materials. Then, the characterization of non-conjugated (PMMA, PS, and PVDF) and conjugated (PT, PVK, PPV, and PANI) polymer matrices and nanocomposites is described. Finally, the most advanced applications of the nanocomposites are presented.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Acrylic acid

AAO:

Anodic aluminum oxide

AC EL:

Alternating current electroluminescence

AIBN:

2,2-Azobis(isobutyronitrile)

AKY:

Polyoxyethylene(4..5)laurylether acetic acid

Alq3 :

Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium(III)

AM:

Air mass

BHJ:

Bulk heterojunctions

CB:

Conduction band

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CPDHFPV:

Poly(9,9′-dihexylfluorene-2,7-divinylene-m-phenylenevinylene-stat-p-phenylenevinylene)

C60:

[60] Fullerene or buckminsterfullerene

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

DBSNa:

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

DC EL:

Direct current electroluminescence

DCM:

4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran

DMF:

N,N-dimethylformamide

DPA:

Dodecylphosphonic acid

DSC:

Dye-sensitized solar cell

EBE:

Electron beam evaporation

E C :

Energy of an electron in the conduction band

E F :

Fermi level

E g :

Energy band gap

E v :

Energy of an electron at the top of the valence band

EL:

Electroluminescence

EQE:

External quantum efficiency

ER:

Electrorheological properties

eV:

Electron fill factor volt

FCC:

Face-centered cubic

o-FET:

Field effect transistors

FF:

Fill factor

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HOMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital

HDA:

Hexadecylamine

I mpp :

Current in the maximum power point

I sc :

Short circuit current

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

k :

Wavevector

LAVD:

Laser-assisted vapor deposition

LB:

Langmuir–Blodgett technique

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

MA:

Methacrylic acid

MDDA:

Didecylamine-solubilized carbon nanotubes

MEH-PPV:

Poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethyl-hexyloxyl)-p-phenylene vinylene]

MBE:

Molecular beam epitaxy

MMA:

Methyl methacrylate

MOCVD:

Metal–organic chemical vapor deposition

MPA:

3-Mercaptopropionic acid

MPTMS:

γ-Ethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane

MWCNT:

Multiwall carbon nanotube

p-MWCNT:

Purified multiwall carbon nanotube

n :

Refractive index of the matrix

n ′ :

Refractive index of the particles

NaAOT:

Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate

NC:

Nanocrystal

OLED:

Organic light-emitting diode

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PANI:

Polyaniline

PCBM:

[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester

PC:

Photonic crystal

PCE:

Power conversion efficiency

PCO:

Photocatalytic oxidation

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PHOS:

Polyoxyethylene(1)laurylether phosphoric acid

P3HT:

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

P3OT:

Poly(3-octylthiophene)

Plight :

Incident solar radiation

PL:

Photoluminescence

PLD:

Pulsed laser deposition

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PmPV:

Poly(m-pheneylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene)

P o :

Incident power

PPV:

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PS:

Polystyrene

PSS:

Polystyrene sulfonic acid

PT:

Polythiophene

PTU:

Polythiourethane

PU:

Polyurethane

PUMM:

Poly(urethane-methacrylate macromer)

PV:

Photovoltaic

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

PVB:

Poly(vinyl butyral)

PVDF:

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

PVK:

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)

PVP:

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)

QD:

Quantum dot

QY:

Quantum yield

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayer

SC:

Semiconductor

SSG:

Solution–sol–gel

SWCNT:

Single-wall carbon nanotube

SQ:

Size quantization

TDPA:

Tetradecylphosphonic acid

TFEL:

Thin-film electroluminescence

Th:

Thorium

TOPO:

Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide

TPDA:

N,N ′-Diphenyl-N,N ′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-4′- diamine

TTAB:

Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide

Tween 20:

Poly(oxyethylene) (20) sorbitan monolaurate

W:

Wurtzite structure

UMM:

Urethane-methacrylate macromer

UV:

Ultraviolet

V :

Volume of single particles

VB:

Valence band

V oc :

Open circuit voltage

V mpp :

Voltage in the maximum power point

ZB:

Zinc blende

ΔW f :

Work functions of electrodes

ε:

Dielectric constant

εr :

Relative dielectric constant

λ:

Wavelength of light

δd :

Dispersive contribution

δp :

Polar contribution

δh :

Hydrogen bonding contribution

ηeff :

Overall efficiency of a solar cell

ρ:

Density dimensions of quantities of particles

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Krakow, 31–155, Poland

    Katarzyna Matras-Postolek & Dariusz Bogdal

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Fachhochschule Münster, University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, Steinfurt, 48565, Germany

    Katarzyna Matras-Postolek

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  1. Katarzyna Matras-Postolek
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  2. Dariusz Bogdal
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Correspondence to Katarzyna Matras-Postolek .

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  1. , Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republi, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, Prague, 16206, Czech Republic

    Karel Dusek

  2. , Physiochimie Curie, Institut Curie, Rue d'Ulm 26, Paris Cedex 05, 75248, France

    Jean-François Joanny

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Matras-Postolek, K., Bogdal, D. (2010). Polymer Nanocomposites for Electro-Optics: Perspectives on Processing Technologies, Material Characterization, and Future Application. In: Dusek, K., Joanny, JF. (eds) Polymer Characterization. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 230. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2010_49

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