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Signaling and Integration of Defense Functions of Tocopherol, Ascorbate and Glutathione

  • Chapter
Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 21))

Summary

Ascorbate, glutathione, and tocopherol are the three major low molecular weight antioxidants of plant cells. While tocopherol is hydrophobic and is found only in lipid membranes, ascorbate and glutathione are hydrophilic, accumulating to high concentrations in the chloroplast stroma and other compartments of the plant cell. Ascorbate and glutathione not only limit photo-oxidative damage but can also act independently as signal-transducing molecules regulating defense gene expression. Both metabolites transmit information concerning oxidative load and redoxbuffering capacity. Ascorbate modifies the expression of chloroplast genes. Net glutathione synthesis during stress restores the cellular redox state and allows orchestration of systemic acquired resistance. The degree of redox coupling between these antioxidants has profound implications for regulation, function, and signaling associated with the two major energy-generating systems, i.e. photosynthesis and respiration. Tocopherol fulfills an essential protective function, counter-acting the harmful effects of singlet oxygen production at photosystem II. Ascorbate reduces and thus regenerates oxidized tocopherol, but flux through this reaction is not sufficient to maintain the reduced tocopherol pool under high light stress. This may be because tocopherol regeneration draws on the ascorbate pool of the chloroplast lumen, which may be depleted under stress. Moreover, while glutathione always reduces oxidized ascorbate (dehydroascorbate), the degree of coupling between the ascorbate and glutathione redox couples is variable. The flexibility of coupling between these antioxidant pools is crucial to differential redox signaling, particularly by ascorbate and glutathione.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK

    Christine H. Foyer

  2. Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany

    Achim Trebst

  3. Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes UMR 8618 CNRS, Universit ‘e Paris XI, Bˆatiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France

    Graham Noctor

Authors
  1. Christine H. Foyer
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  2. Achim Trebst
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  3. Graham Noctor
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A

    Barbara Demmig-Adams (Dr) & William W. Adams III (Dr) (Dr) &  (Dr)

  2. Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A

    Autar K. Mattoo

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Foyer, C.H., Trebst, A., Noctor, G. (2008). Signaling and Integration of Defense Functions of Tocopherol, Ascorbate and Glutathione. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., Mattoo, A.K. (eds) Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_16

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