Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Oncology pp 506–534Cite as

Eye, Orbit, and Adnexal Structures

  • Chapter

  • 248 Accesses

Abstract

Two distinct populations of pigmented cells can be found in the eye. The pigmented epithelial cells of the iris, ciliary body, and retina are derived from the neural tube. These cells undergo reactive hyperplasia in response to a variety of stimuli, but they only rarely undergo malignant transformation. The other population consists of the stromal melanocytes, which can be found in the skin, conjunctiva, and uveal tract. These are neural crest in origin and do not undergo reactive hyperplasia, but they are the source of the most common primary intraocular tumor: uveal melanoma. The uveal melanocytes are considered the counterpart of dermal melanocytes, the source of cutaneous melanoma. (Dermal melanoma is discussed elsewhere in this text. This chapter focuses on eye-related melanomas.)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Phillpotts BA, Sanders RJ, Shields JS, et al. Uveal melanomas in black patients: a case series and comparative review. J Natl Med Assoc 1995;87:709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cutler SJ, Young JL (eds) Third National Cancer Survey: incidence data. NCL Monogr 1975;41:1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Robertson DM. Changing concepts in the management of choroidal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:161–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Raivio I. Uveal melanoma in Finland: an epidemiological, clinical, histological and prognostic study. Acta Ophthalmol 1977;133(suppl):3.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gialason I, Magnussen G, Tulinius H. Malignant melanoma of the uvea in Iceland. Acta Ophthalmol 1985;63:385–394.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Margo CE, Mulla Z, Billiris K. Incidence of surgically treated uveal melanoma by race and ethnicity. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1087.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wilkes SR, Robertson DM, Kurland LT, et al. Incidence of uveal melanoma in the resident population of Rochester and Olmstead County, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;87:639–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Scotto J, Fraumeni JF, Lee JAH. Melanoma of the eye and other noncutaneous sites. JNCI 1976;56:489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gass JDM, Gieser RG, Wilkinson CP, et al. Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation in patients with occult carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:527–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Singh AD, De Potter P, Fijal BA, et al. Lifetime prevalence of uveal melanoma in white patients with oculo (dermal) melanocytosis. Ophthalmology 1998;105:195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yanoff M, Zimmerman LE. Histogenesis of malignant melanomas of the uvea. III. The relationship of congenital ocular melanocytosis and neurofibromatosis to uveal melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Van Hees CL, De Boer A, Jager MJ, et al. Are atypical nevi a risk factor for uveal melanoma? A case-control study. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Egan KM, Gragoudas ES, Seddon JM, et al. Smoking and the risk of early metastases from uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1992;99:537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Horn EP, Hartge P, Shields JA, et al. Sunlight and risk of uveal melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wagoner MD, Albert DM. The incidence of metastases from untreated ciliary body and choroidal melanomas. Arch Opthalmol 1982;100(6):939–940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Assessment of metastatic disease status at death in 435 patients with large choroidal melanoma in the COMS: COMS report no. 15. Arch Opthalmol 2001;119(5):670–676.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Starr HJ, Zimmerman LE. Extrascleral extension and orbital recurrence of a malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Int Opthalmol Clin 1962;2:369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Folberg R, Pe’er J, Gruman LM, et al. The morphologic characteristics of tumor blood vessels as a marker of tumor progression in primary human uveal melanoma. Hum Pathol 1992;23:1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Folberg R, Rummelt V, Parys-Van Ginderdeuren R, et al. The prognostic value of tumor blood vessel morphology in primary uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sorensen FB, Gamel JW, McCurdy J. Stereologic estimation of nucleolar volume in ocular melanoma: a comparative study of size estimators with prognostic impact. Hum Pathol 1993;24:513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gamel JW, McCurdy JB, McLean IW. A comparison of prognostic covariates for uveal melanomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1919.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Marcus DM, Minokovitz JB, Wardwell SD, et al. The value of nucleolar organizing regions in uveal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;100:527.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Whelchel JC, Farah SE, McLean IW, et al. Immunohisto-chemistry of infiltrating lymphocytes in uveal malignant melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:2603–2606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gass JDM. Observation of suspected choroidal and ciliary body melanomas for evidence of growth prior to enucleation. Ophthalmology 1990;87:525.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Char DH, Kroll SM, Phillips TL. Uveal melanoma growth rate and prognosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:1014–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Karlsson M, Boeryd B, Carstensen J, et al. DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction as prognostic factors in patients with uveal melanomas. Br J Cancer 1995;71:177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Coleman K, Baak JP, van Diest PF, et al. DNA ploidy status in 84 ocular melanomas: a study of DNA quantitation in ocular melanomas by flow cytometry and automatic and interactive static image analysis. Hum Pathol 1995;26:99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mooy C, Vissers K, Luyton G. et al. DNA flow cytometry in uveal melanoma: the effect of pre-enucleation irradiation. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Histopathologic characteristics of uveal melanomas in eyes enucleated from the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study. COMS report no. 6. Am J Opthalmol 1998;125(6):745–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Shields CL, Cater J, Shields JA, et al. Combination of clinical factors predictive of growth of small choroidal melanocytic tumors. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:360–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Meyer-Schwickerath G. The preservation of vision by treatment of the intraocular tumors with light coagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1961;66:458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Vogel MK. The application of photocoagulation in the treatment of the choroid. Ophthalmic Forum 1983;1:46.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Shields JA. The expanding role of laser photocoagulation for intraocular tumors. The 1993 H. Christian Zweng Memorial Lecture. Retina 1994;14:310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shields CL, Shields JA, Cater J, et al. Transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanoma: tumor control and visual results in 100 consecutive cases. Ophthalmology 1998;105:581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Finger PT, Berson A, Szechter A. Palladium-103 vs. iodine-125 for ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27:849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Finger PT, Berson A, Szechter A. Palladium-103 plaque therapy for choroidal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1999;106:606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma. III: Initial mortality findings. COMS Report No. 18. Arch Opthalmol 2001;119(7):969–982.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Philadephia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wilson MW, Hungerford JL. Comparison of episcleral plaque and proton beam radiation therapy for the treatment of choroidal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. COMS randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma: I. Characteristics of patients enrolled and not enrolled. COMS Report No. 9. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125(6):767–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study-Quality of Life Study Group. Development and validation of disease specific measures for choroidal melanoma: COMS-QOL Report No. 2. Arch Opthalmol 2003;121(7):1010–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Jampol LM, Moy CS, Murray TG. The COMS randomized trial of iodine-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma: IV. Local treatment failure and enucleation in the first 5 years after brachytherapy. COMS Report No. 19. Ophthalmology 2002;109(12):2197–2206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Anonymous. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma. III: Local complications and observations following enucleation. COMS Report No. 11. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;126(3):362–372.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma. II: Initial mortality findings. COMS Report No. 10. Am J Opthalmol 1998;125(6):779–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Peyman Ga, Apple DJ. Local excision of a choroidal malignant melanoma: full-thickness eyewall resection. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;92:216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Damato BE, Paul J, Foulds WS. Risk factors for residual and recurrent uveal melanoma after trans-scleral local resection [comment]. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80(2):102–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sahel JA, Brini A, Albert DM. Pathology of the retina and vitreous. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 4. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:3750–3792.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Albert DM, Dryja TP. The eye. In: Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (eds). Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999:1359–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  49. McLean IW. Retinoblastomas, retinocytomas, and pseudoretinoblastomas. In: Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook, 4th ed, vol 2. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996:1332–1438.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Peterson RA, Friend SH, Albert DM. Prolonged survival of a child with metastatic retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987;24(5):247–248.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Abramson DH, Frnak CM, Susman M, et al. Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. J Pediatr 1998;132(3):505–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Friend SH, Bernards R, Rodlj S, et al. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature (Lond) 1986;323:643–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cavenee WK, Dryja TP, Phillips RA, et al. Expression of recessive alleles by chromosomal mechanisms in retinoblastoma. Nature (Lond) 1983;305:779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dryja TP, Cavenee W, White R, et al. Homozygosity of chromosome 13 in retinoblastoma. N Engl J Med 1984;310:550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wong FL, Boice JD Jr, Abramson DH, et al. Cancer incidence after retinoblastoma: radiation dose and sarcoma risk. JAMA 1997;278(15):1262–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Eng C, Li FP, Abramson DH. Mortality from second tumors among long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85(14):1121–1128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Shields JA, Stephens RT, Sarin LK. The differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. In: Harley RD (ed). Pediatric Ophthalmology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1983:114.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Shields JA, Michelson JB, Leonard BC, et al. B-scan ultrasonography in the diagnosis of atypical retinoblastomas. Can J Ophthalmol 1976;11:42–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hermsen VM. Echographic diagnosis. In: Blodi FC (ed). Retinoblastoma. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985:111–127.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Donoso LA, Shields JA, Felber NT, et al. Intracranial malignancy in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma. Retina 1981;1:67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pratt CB, Meyer D, Chenaille P, et al. The use of bone marrow aspirates and lumbar puncture at the time of diagnosis of retinoblastoma. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:140–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Moll AC, Imhof AM, Schouten-Van Meeteren AYN, et al. At what age could screening for familial retinoblastoma be stopped? A register based study 1945–98. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:1170–1172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Castillo BV Jr, Kaufman L. Pediatric tumors of the eye and orbit. Pediatr Clin N Am 2003;50(1):149–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Hungerford J, Toma N, Plowman P, et al. External beam radiotherapy for retinoblastoma: I. Whole eye technique. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:109–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shields C, Shields J, Needle M, et al. Combined chemoreduction and adjuvant treatment for introcular retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 1997;104(12):2101–2111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hall LS, Ceisler E, Abramson D. Visual outcomes in children with bilateral retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1999;3:138–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shields C, Shields J. Recent developments in the management of retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1999;36:8–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Magramm I, Abramson D, Ellsworth R. Optic nerve involvement in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 1989;96:217–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P. New treatment modalities for retinoblastoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1996;7(111):20–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. De Potter P. Current treatment of retinoblastoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002;13:331–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shields CL, Honavar SG, Meadows AT, et al. Chemoreduction plus focal therapy for retinoblastoma: factors predictive of need for treatment with external beam radiotherapy or enucleation. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;133:657–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Friedman DL, Limelstein B, Shields CL, et al. Chemoreduction and local ophthalmic therapy for intraocular retinoblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:12–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P, et al. The effect of chemoreduction on the retinoblastoma-induced retinal detachment. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997;34:165–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Shields CL, Santos MC, Diniz W, et al. Thermotherapy for retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:885–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Shields CL, Shields JA, Minelli, et al. Regression of retinoblastoma after plaque radiotherapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P, et al. Plaque radiotherapy in the management of retinoblastoma: use as a primary and secondary treatment. Ophthalmology 1993;100:216–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cassady J. Radiation therapy for retinoblastoma. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 5. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:3285–3297.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Grabowski EF, Abramson DH. Intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma. Hematol Oncol Clinc N Am 1987;1:721–735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Pratt CB, Fontanesi J, Chenaille P, et al. Chemotherapy for extraocular retinoblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1994;11:301–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. White L. Chemotherapy for retinoblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;24:341–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ferry AP, Font RL. Carcinoma metastatic to the eye and orbit. I: A clinicopathologic study of 227 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;92:276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Castro PA, Albert DM, Wang WJ, Ni C. Tumors metastatic to the eye and adnexa. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1982;22:189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bloch RS, Gartner S. The incidence of ocular metastatic carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1971;85:673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Stephens RF, Shields JA. Diagnosis and management of cancer metastatic to the uvea: a study of 70 cases. Ophthalmology 1979;86:1336–1349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Albert DM, Rubenstein RA, Scheie HG: Tumor metastases to the eye. I: Incidence in 213 patients with generalized malignancy. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63:723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Shields CL, Shields JA, Gross NE, et al. Survey of 520 eyes with uveal metastases. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1265–1276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Freedman MI, Folk JC. Metastatic tumors to the eye and orbit: patient survival and clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Shields JA. Diagnosis and Management of Intraocular Tumors. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Char DH. Clinical Ocular Oncology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:89–165.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Merrill CF, Kaufman DI, Dimitrov NV. Breast cancer metastatic to the eye is a common entity. Cancer (Phila) 1991;68:623–627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mewis L, Young SF. Breast carcinoma metastatic to the choroids: analysis of 67 patients. Ophthalmology 1982;89:147–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Thatcher N, Thomas PRM. Choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma: a survey of 42 patients and the use of radiation therapy. Clin Radiol 1975;26:549–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Chu FC, Huh SH, Nisce LZ, et al. Radiation therapy of choroidal metastasis from breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1977;2:273–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Albert DM, Volpe MJ. Metastases to the uvea. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000;5073–5084.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Ebert EM, Boger W, Albert DM. In: Albert DM, Jakobeic FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 6. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:5117–5146.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Beauchamp GR. Neurofibromatosis type 1 in children. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1995;93:445–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Sipple K. Ocular findings in neurofibromatosis type 1. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2001;41(1):25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Fountain JW, Wallace MR, Bruce MA, et al. Physical mapping of a translocation breakbpoint in neurofibromatosis. Science 1989;244:1085–1087.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Jadayel D, Fain P, Upadhyaya M, et al. Paternal origin of new mutations in neurofibromatosis. Nature (Lomd) 1990;343:558–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Neurofibromatosis. Conference Statement. National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference. Arch Neurology 1988;45:575–580.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1972;12:1–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Barbagallo JS, Kolodzieh MS, Silverberg NB, et al. Neurocutaneous disorders. Dermatol Clin 2002;20(3):547–560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Hope DJ, Mulvihill JJ. Malignancy in neurofibromatosis. Adv Neurol 1981;29:33–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Riccardi VM. von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1617–1627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Sipple K. Ocular findings in neurofibromatosis type 1. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2001;41(1):25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses neurofibromatosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1972;12:1–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Benedict PH, Szabo G, Fitzpatrick TB, Sinesi SJ. Melanotic macules in Albright’s syndrome and in neurofibromatosis. JAMA 1968;205:72–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Grant WM, Walton DS. Distinctive gonioscopic findings in glaucoma due to neurofibromatosis. Arch Ophthal 1968;79:127–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kandt RS. Tuberous sclerosis complex and neurofibromatosis type 1: the two most common neurocutaneous diseases. Neurol Clin 2002;20(4):941–964.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Dutton JJ. Gliomas of the anterior visual pathway. Surv Ophthalmol 1994;38:427–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Augsburger JJ, Bolling JP. Phakomatoses. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS (eds). Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 158. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004:1097–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lewis RA, Riccardi VM. Von Recklinghausen neurofiromatosis: incidence of iris hamartomata. Ophthalmology 1981;88:348–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hudson S, Jones D, Beck L. Ophthalmic manifestations of neurofibromatosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1987;71:235–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Brownstein S, Little JM. Ocular neurofibromatosis. Ophthalmology 1983;91:1595–1599.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Kurosawa A, Kurosawa H. Ovoid bodies in choroidal neurofibromatosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:1939–1941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Riccardi VM. Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1617–1627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wiznia RA, Freedman JK, Mancini AD, Shields JA. Malignant melanoma of the choroid in neurofibromatosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:684–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Parry DM, Eldridge R, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, et al. Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): clinical characteristics of 63 affected individuals and clinical evidence for heterogeneity. Am J Med Gen 1994;52:450–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Richards SC, Bachynski BN. Ophthalmic manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. Int Pediatr 1990;5:270.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Rouleau BG, Wertelecki W, Haines JL, et al: Genetic linkage of bilateral aoustic neurofibromatosis to a DNA marker on chromosome 22. Nature (Lond) 1987;329:246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ragge NK, Baser ME, Klein J, et al. Ocular abnormalities in neruofibromatosis 2. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kaye LD, Rothner AD, Beauchamp GR, et al. Ocular findings associated with neurofibromatosis type II. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Landau K, Dossetor FM, Hoyt WF, et al. Retinal hamartoma in neurofibromatosis 2. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Good WV, Brodsky MC, Edwards MS, et al. Bilateral retinal hamartomas in neurofibromatosis type 2. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conferences Statement on Acoustic Neuroma, December 11–13, 1991. Consensus Development Panel. Arch Neurol 1994;51:201–207.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Crino PB, Henske EP. New developments in the neurobiology of tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology 1999;53:1384–1390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Ebert EM, Boger W, Albert DM. In: Albert DM, Jakobeic FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 6. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000: 5117–5146.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Kandt RS. Tuberous sclerosis complex and neurofibromatosis type 1: the two most common neurocutaneous diseases. Neurol Clin 2002;20(4):941–964.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Roach ES, Gomez MR, Northrup H. Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: revised clinical diagnostic criteria. J Child Neurol 1998;13:624–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Barbagallo JS, Kolodzieh MS, Silverberg NB, et al. Neurocutaneous disorders. Dermatol Clin 2002;20(3):547–560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1972;12:1–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lagos JC, Gomez MR. Tuberous sclerosis: reappraisal of a clinical entity. Mayo Clin Proc 1967;42:26–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Melmon KL, Rosen SW. Lindau’s disease: review of the literature and study of a large kindred. Am J Med 1964;36:595–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Maher ER, Yates JRW, Harries R, et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Q J Med 1990;66:233.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Hardwig P, Robertson DM. von Hippel-Lindau disease: a familial, often lethal, multi-system phakomatosis. Ophthalmology 1984;91:263–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Oakes WJ. The natural history of patients with the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992;18:287–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Eisenhofer G, Walther MM, Huynh TT, et al. Pheochromocytomas in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 display distinct biochemical and clinical phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(5):1999–2008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1972;12:1–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Welch RB. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: the recognition and treatment of early angiomatosis retinae and the use of cryosurgery as an adjunct to therapy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1970;66:367.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Maher ER, Yates JRW, Harries R, et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Q J Med 1990;66:233.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Enjolras O, Riche MC, Merland JJ. Facial port-wine stains and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatrics 1985;76:48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Ebert EM, Boger W, Albert DM. In: Albert DM, Jakobeic FA (eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, vol 6. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:5117–5146.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Sullivan TJ, Clarke MP, Morin JD. The ocular manifestations of the Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kerrison B. Neuro-ophthalmology of the phacomatoses. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2000;11:413–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Sujansky E, Conradi S. Sturge-Weber syndrome: age of onset of seizures and glaucoma and the prognosis for affected children. J Child Neurol 1995;10:49–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1972;12:1–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Susac JO, Smith JL, Scelfo RJ. The “tomato-catsup” fundus in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology 1979;861360.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Sujansky E, Conradi S. Outcome of Sturge-Weber syndrome in 52 adults. Am J Med Genet 1995;57:35–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kerrison B. Neuro-ophthalmology of the phacomatoses. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2000;11:413–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ito M, Sato K, Ohnuki A, Uto A. Sturge-Weber disease: operative indications and surgical results. Brain Dev 1990;12:473–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hecht F, Koler RD, Rigas DA, et al. Leukemia and lymphoctes in ataxia telangiectasia. Lancet 1996;2:1193.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Gatti RA, Boder E, Vinters HV, et al. Ataxia-telangiectasia: an interdisciplinary approach to pathogenesis. Medicine (Baltim) 1991;70:99–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Swift M, Reitnauer PF, Morrell D, et al. Breast and other cancers in families with ataxia-telangiectasia. New Engl J Med 1987;316:1289–1294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Willinsky RA, Lasjaunias P, Terbrugge K, et al. Multiple cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Review of our experience from 203 patients with cerebral vascular lesions. Neuroradiology 1990;32:207–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Schmickel R. Chromosomal deletions and enzyme deficiencies. J Pediatr 1986;108:244–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Walther C, Gruss P. Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS. Development (Camb) 1991;113:1435–1449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Hanson I, Fletcher J, Jordon T, et al. Mutations at the PAX6 locus are found in heterogeneous anterior segment malformations including Peters’ anomaly. Nat Genet 1994;6:168–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Mirzayans F, Pearce W, MacDonald I, Walter M. Mutation of the PAX6 gene in patients with autosomal dominant keratitis. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:539–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Harnois C, Boisjoly HM, Jotterand V. Sporadic aniridia and Wilms’ tumor: visual function evaluation of three cases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1989;227:244–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nelson LB, Spaeth GL, Nowinski TS, et al. Aniridia. A review. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28:621–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Shields MB. Textbook of Glaucoma, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Shannon RS, Mann JR, Harper E, et al. Wilms’ tumour and aniridia: clinical and cytogenetic features. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:685–690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Mackintosh TF, Girdwood TG, Parker DJ, Strachan IM. Aniridia and Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma). Br J Ophthalmol 1968;52:846–848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Cotlier E, Rose M, Moel SA. Aniridia, cataracts, and Wilms’ tumor in monozygous twins. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:129–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Traboulsi EI, Maumenee IH, Krush AJ, et al. Pigmented ocular fundus lesions in the inherited gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes and in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Ophthalmology 1988;95:964–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Stein EA, Brady KD. Ophthalmologic and electro-oculographic findings in Gardner’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:326–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Blair N, Trempe C. Hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with Gardner’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:661–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Traboulsi EI, Krush AJ, Gardner EJ, et al. Prevalence and importance of pigmented ocular fundus lesions in Gardner’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987;316:661–667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Olea JL, Mateos JM, Llompart A, et al. Frequency of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in familial adenomatosis polyposis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996;74:48–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Nasir M, Yee R, Piest K, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type III. Cornea 1991;10:454–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kinoshita S, Tanaka F, Ohashi Y, et al. Incidence of prominent corneal nerves in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:311.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Morrison PJ, Nevin NC. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (mucosal neuroma syndrome, Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome). J Med Genet 1996;33:779–782.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Gass JDM, Gieser RG, Wilkinson CP, et al. Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation in patients with occult carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:527–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Machemer R. Zur Pathogenese des flachenhaften malignen Melanoms. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1966;148:641–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Prusiner P, Butler A, Yavitz W, Stern W. Metastatic adenocarcinoma presenting as bilateral blindness. Ann Ophthalmol 1983;15:653–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Ryll D, Campbell R, Robertson D, Brubaker S. Pseudometastatic lesions of the choroid. Ophthalmology 1980;87:1181–1186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Prause J, Jensen O, Eisgart F, et al. Bilateral diffuse malignant melanoma of the uvea associated with large cell carcinoma, giant cell type, of the lung. Case report of a newly described syndrome. Ophthalmologica 1984;189:221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mullaney J, Mooney D, O’Connor M, McDonald G. Bilateral ovarian carcinoma with bilateral uveal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1984;68:261–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. de Wolff-Rouendall D. Bilateral diffuse benign melanocytic tumors of the uveal tract. A clinicopathological study. Int Ophthalmol 1985;7:149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Filipic M, Ambler J. Bilateral diffuse melanocytic uveal tumours associated with systemic malignant neoplasm. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1986;14:293–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Tsukahara S, Wakui K, Ohzeki S. Simultaneous bilateral primary diffuse malignant uveal melanoma: case report with pathological examination. Br J Ophthalmol 1986;70:33–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Rohrbach JM, Roggendorf W, Thanos S, et al. Simultaneous bilateral diffuse melanocytic uveal hyperplasia. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;10:49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Thirkill CE, Roth AM, Keltner J. Cancer-associated retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:372–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Grofts JW, Bachynski BN, Odel JG. Visual paraneoplastic syndrome associated with undifferentiated endometrial carcinoma. Can J Ophthalmol 1988;23:128–132.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Polans A, Witkowska D, Haley T, et al. Recoverin, a photoreceptor-specific calcium binding protein, is expressed by the tumor of a patient with cancer associated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:9176–9180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Wiechmann a, Akots G, Hammarback J, et al. Genetic and physical mapping of human recoverin: a gene expressed in retinal photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35: 325–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Murakami A, Yajima T, Inana G. Isolation of human retinal genes: recoverin cDNA and gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;187:234–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Kellner U, Bornfeld N, Foerster M. Severe course of cutaneous melanoma associated paraneoplastic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:746–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Ripps H, Carr R, Siegel I, Greenstein V. Functional abnormalities in vincristine-induced night blindness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:787–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Berson E, Lessell S. Paraneoplastic night blindness with malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:307–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. DuBois L, Sadun A, Lawton T. Inner retinal layer loss in complicated migraine. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1035–1037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. DuBois L, Sadun A, Lawton T. Inner retinal layer loss in complicated migraine. In reply. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;109:175.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Alexander K, Fishman G, Peachey N, et al. “On” response defect in paraneoplastic night blindness with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:477–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Mackay C, Gouras P, Yamamoti S. S-cone and rod ERGs in paraneoplastic retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1074.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Andreasson S, Ponjavic V, Ehinger B. Full field electroretinogram in a patient with cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 1993;71:487–490.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Kim R, Retsas S, Fitzke F, et al. Cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1837–1843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Milam A, Saari J, Jacobson S, et al. Autoantibodies against retinal bipolar cells in cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:91–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Rush J. Paraneoplastic retinopathy in malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:390–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Weinstein J, Kelman S, Bresnick G, Korngluth S. Paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with antiretinal bipolar cell antibodies in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1236–1243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Cideciyan A, Jacobson S. Negative electroretinograms in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:3252–3263.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Kellner U, Brummer S, Foerster M, Wessing A. X-linked congenital retinoschisis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1990;228:432–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Kellner U, Foerster M. Cone dystrophies with negative photopic electroretinogram. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:404–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Ripps H. Night blindness revisited; from man to molecules. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;23:588–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Digre EB. Opsoclonus in adults—report of three cases and review of the literature. Neurology 1986;43:1165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Furman JMR, Eidelman BH, Fromm GH. Spontaneous remission of paraneoplastic ocular flutter and saccadic intrusions. Neurology 1988;38:499–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Margo CE, Waltz K. Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular skin. Surv Ophthalmol 1993;38:169–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Haas AF, Kielty DW. Basal cell carcinoma. In: Mannis MJ, Macasai MS, Huntley AC (eds). Eye and Skin Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:395–403.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Doxanas MT, Green WR, Iliff CE. Factors in successful surgical management of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;215:1239–1241.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Vaughn GJ, Dortzbach RK, Gayre GS. Eyelid malig-nancies. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS (eds). Ophthal-mology, 2nd ed, vol 93. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2004:711–719.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Mohs FE. Micrographic surgery for microscopically controlled excision of eyelid tumors. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:901–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Font RL. Eyelids and lacrimal drainage system. In: Spencer WH (ed). Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook, 4th ed, vol 4. Philadephia: Saunders, 1996:2218–2443.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Kwitko ML, Bonuik M, Zimmerman LE. Eyelid tumors with reference to lesions confused with squamous cell carcinoma. I. Incidence and errors in diagnosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1963;69:693–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Rao NA, Hidayat AA, McLean IW, et al. Sebaceous gland carcinomas of the ocular adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases, with five-year follow-up data. Hum Pathol 1982;13:113–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Doxanas MT, Green WR. Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:245–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Kass LG, Hornblass A. Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa. Surv Ophthalmol 1989;33:477–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Conill C, Toscas I, Morilla I, et al. Radiation therapy as a curative treatment in extraocular sebaceous carcinoma (Correspondence). Br J Ophthalmol 2003;149(2):441–442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Yen MT, Tse DT, Wu X, et al. Radiation therapy for local control of eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;16(3):211–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Rhodes AR, Weinstock MA, Ritzpatrick TB, et al. Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a practical method of recognizing predisposed individuals. JAMA 1987;258:3146–3154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Daniel M. Albert MD, MS (Chair Emeritus, F.A. David Professor, and Lorenz E. Zimmerman Professor), Marni Feldmann MD (Resident), Heather Potter MD (Resident) & Amit Kumar MD (Resident)

Authors
  1. Daniel M. Albert MD, MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marni Feldmann MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Heather Potter MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amit Kumar MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Alfred E. Chang MD (Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery and Chief) (Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery and Chief)

  2. Breast Oncology Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Daniel F. Hayes MD (Clinical Director) (Clinical Director)

  3. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Harvey I. Pass MD (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head) (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head)

  4. Thoracic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Harvey I. Pass MD (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head) (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head)

  5. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA

    Richard M. Stone MD (Associate Professor and Clinical Director) (Associate Professor and Clinical Director)

  6. Adult Leukemia Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard M. Stone MD (Associate Professor and Clinical Director) (Associate Professor and Clinical Director)

  7. Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, USA

    Patricia A. Ganz MD (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor) (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor)

  8. Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Patricia A. Ganz MD (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor) (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor)

  9. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Timothy J. Kinsella MD (Vincent K. Smith Professor and Chairman) (Vincent K. Smith Professor and Chairman)

  10. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA

    Joan H. Schiller MD (Melanie Heald Professor of Medical Oncology) (Melanie Heald Professor of Medical Oncology)

  11. Health Media Research Laboratory, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA

    Victor J. Strecher PhD, MPH (Professor and Director and Associate Director) (Professor and Director and Associate Director)

  12. Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Victor J. Strecher PhD, MPH (Professor and Director and Associate Director) (Professor and Director and Associate Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Albert, D.M., Feldmann, M., Potter, H., Kumar, A. (2006). Eye, Orbit, and Adnexal Structures. In: Chang, A.E., et al. Oncology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31056-8_35

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31056-8_35

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24291-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31056-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation